{"data":[{"id":"10.34951/e2wc7k","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.34951/e2wc7k","identifiers":[{"identifier":"The Water Research Foundation  978-1-60573-668-6","identifierType":"ISBN"},{"identifier":"The Water Research Foundation Project Number: 4964","identifierType":"Project Number"}],"creators":[{"name":"Isaya Kisekka","affiliation":["University of California, Davis"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Grattan, Stephen R.","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Stephen R.","familyName":"Grattan","affiliation":["University of California, Davis"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Salcedo, Francisco Pedrero","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Francisco Pedrero","familyName":"Salcedo","affiliation":["Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Gan, Jay","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Jay","familyName":"Gan","affiliation":["University of California, Riverside"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Partyka, Melissa L.","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Melissa L.","familyName":"Partyka","affiliation":["Auburn University"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Bond, Ronald F.","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Ronald F.","familyName":"Bond","affiliation":["University of California, Davis"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Nirit Bernstein","affiliation":["ARO Volcani Center, Israel"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Radcliffe, John","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"John","familyName":"Radcliffe","affiliation":["CSIRO Environment"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Adin, Avner","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Avner","familyName":"Adin","affiliation":["Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel"],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Assessing the State of Knowledge and Impacts of Recycled Water Irrigation on Agricultural Crops and Soils"}],"publisher":"The Water Research Foundation","container":{},"publicationYear":2024,"subjects":[{"subject":"agriculture"},{"subject":"recycled water irrigation"}],"contributors":[{"name":"Isaya Kisekka","affiliation":["University of California, Davis"],"contributorType":"Researcher","nameIdentifiers":[]}],"dates":[{"date":"2024","dateType":"Copyrighted"},{"date":"2024","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"ris":"RPRT","bibtex":"techreport","citeproc":"report","schemaOrg":"Report","resourceType":"Report","resourceTypeGeneral":"Report"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsPublishedIn","relatedIdentifier":"978-1-60573-668-6","relatedIdentifierType":"ISBN"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["4.32 MB"],"formats":["PDF"],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rights":"Copyright 2024 by The Water Research Foundation"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Population growth, rapid urbanization, and climate change have been contributing to water scarcity in many regions in the world. Access to adequate and safe freshwater is one of the grand challenges of this time. Accounting for 70% of global freshwater withdrawals, agriculture is suffering the greatest impact from the water shortage. To relieve the pressure on water supplies, municipal-treated wastewater (referred to as recycled water here forth) has been recognized as an important alternative source for irrigation water and is increasingly being applied in arid and semi-arid regions. In California, about 46% of treated wastewater is recycled for agricultural use, while in \r\nFlorida, the fraction accounts for 44%. In China, recycled water irrigation began in 1957 and the reclamation rate of treated wastewater increased to 62% in 2014 in the \r\ncities that pioneered the implementation of wastewater reclamation and reuse. Wastewater reuse has been long practiced in the Mediterranean basin, especially in the more water-scarce regions where the treated wastewater reuse is up to 5-12% of the total amount of treated wastewater effluent. Overall, GIS-based analysis has shown that the land area irrigated with recycled water increased from 20 million hectares in 2007 to 36 million hectares in 2017, which represents approximately 10% of the world irrigation area. The Water Research Foundation\r\nreuse of treated wastewater offers many potential benefits, such as 1) decreasing stress on freshwater supply; 2) reducing cost and energy consumption; 3) recycling nutrients and helping maintain soil fertility; 4) reducing discharge from sewage treatment plants into the \r\nenvironment; and 5) avoiding the impact of new \r\nwater supply developments (e.g., dams, reservoirs). \r\nKey Findings: \r\n1. New cultivars are needed, and development will be supported by further research into salt \r\ntolerant under field conditions and to better characterize plant response to salinity in heterogeneous soil conditions, particularly under microirrigation as salinity in the soil water (ECsw) is continuously changing over space and time.\r\n2. Management practices such as blending, cycling, and sequential use should be adopted \r\nwhen saline-sodic recycled water is used for irrigation.\r\n3. The quality of the recycled water can contribute to the number of heavy metals in agricultural soils affecting the microbiological balance of soils and reducing soil fertility.\r\n4. When agricultural fields are irrigated with recycled water, constituents of emerging concern (CECs) are unlikely to significantly accumulate in the soil, as most CECs are susceptible to degradation in multiple pathways. However, due to the incapacity to evaluate the cocktail \r\neffect of CECs, as well as lack of knowledge regarding the toxicity of CEC transformation products, the actual risk may be underestimated.\r\n5. To date, there is little evidence to suggest that adequately treated recycled water poses more risk in terms of waterborne microbial pathogens for produce-related illness or outbreaks than other sources of irrigation water, but epidemiological and quantitative risk assessment models suggest that guidelines for the use of recycled water should be regionally specific and consider overall population health.","descriptionType":"Abstract"}],"geoLocations":[{"geoLocationPlace":"California"}],"fundingReferences":[{"funderName":"The Water Research Foundation"},{"funderName":"California State Water Resources Control Board"}],"url":"https://ezid.cdlib.org/id/doi:10.34951/E2WC7K","contentUrl":null,"metadataVersion":0,"schemaVersion":"http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4","source":"mds","isActive":true,"state":"findable","reason":null,"viewCount":0,"downloadCount":0,"referenceCount":0,"citationCount":0,"partCount":0,"partOfCount":0,"versionCount":0,"versionOfCount":0,"created":"2024-10-18T21:46:21Z","registered":"2024-10-18T21:46:22Z","published":null,"updated":"2024-10-18T21:46:22Z"},"relationships":{"client":{"data":{"id":"cdl.ucd","type":"clients"}}}},{"id":"10.34951/e2159h","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.34951/e2159h","identifiers":[{"identifier":"The Water Research Foundation 978-1-60573-667-9","identifierType":"ISBN"},{"identifier":"The Water Research Foundation Project Number: 4963","identifierType":"Project Number"}],"creators":[{"name":"Isaya Kisekka","affiliation":["University of California, Davis"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Al-Dughaishi, Usama","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Usama","familyName":"Al-Dughaishi","affiliation":["University of California, Davis"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Platts, Belinda","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Belinda","familyName":"Platts","affiliation":["Central Coast California"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Cahn, Michael","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Michael","familyName":"Cahn","affiliation":["University of California Cooperative Extension Monterey County"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Pedrero, Francisco","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Francisco","familyName":"Pedrero","affiliation":["Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Grattan, Stephen R.","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Stephen R.","familyName":"Grattan","affiliation":["University of California, Davis"],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Developing a New Foundational Understanding of SAR-Soil Structure Interactions for Improved Management of Agricultural Recycled Water Use"}],"publisher":"The Water Research Foundation","container":{},"publicationYear":2024,"subjects":[{"subject":"agriculture"},{"subject":"water"},{"subject":"soil structure"},{"subject":"agricultural management"}],"contributors":[{"name":"Isaya Kisekka","affiliation":["University of California, Davis"],"contributorType":"Researcher","nameIdentifiers":[]}],"dates":[{"date":"2024","dateType":"Copyrighted"},{"date":"2024","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":"en","types":{"ris":"RPRT","bibtex":"techreport","citeproc":"report","schemaOrg":"Report","resourceType":"Report","resourceTypeGeneral":"Report"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsPublishedIn","relatedIdentifier":"978-1-60573-667-9","relatedIdentifierType":"ISBN"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["8.15 MB"],"formats":["PDF"],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rights":"Copyright 2024 by The Water Research Foundation"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Numerous studies have reported reductions in soil permeability resulting from the use of marginal recycled water for irrigation due to increased Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP). The increase in soil ESP causes the breakdown of soil aggregates, followed by the swelling and \r\ndispersion of clay particles which leads to soil crusting, loss of porosity, and reduced permeability. If the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and the EC of the irrigation water are known, the effect of using recycled water on soil permeability (as a proxy for structure) can be predicted using empirical relationships. There is a vast body of literature on the negative impacts of sodium on soil structure. However, emerging research has shown that potassium and magnesium can also impact soil structure negatively and need to be included in irrigation \r\nwater quality assessment criteria. A new criterion known as the Cation Ratio of Structural Stability (CROSS) is being advocated as a better predictor of potential soil permeability problems arising from the use of recycled water for irrigation. This is because CROSS accounts \r\nfor the dispersive effects of exchangeable potassium and magnesium. The study objectives were to:\r\n1. Conduct a literature review to document the state of knowledge.\r\n2. Evaluate recycled water quality requirements to minimize long-term impacts on soil \r\nstructure.\r\n3. Conduct experiments investigating crop/soil/recycled water interactions in greenhouse and \r\nlaboratory environments.\r\n4. Evaluate the long-term impact of recycled water use for irrigation on commercial fields.\r\n5. Investigate remediation options for sodium-affected soils.\r\n6. Summarize project findings in a final WRF report\r\n\r\nKey Findings:\r\n1. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Cation Ratio of Soil Structural Stability (CROSS) were assessed in long-term field experiments, greenhouse studies, and soil columns to determine their effectiveness in predicting the negative impacts of using recycled water for irrigation \r\non soil sodicity.\r\n2. Overall, CROSS proved to be a more reliable tool for predicting the impact of recycled water \r\nreuse on soil sodicity and permeability.\r\n3. Continuous irrigation with recycled water having a high CROSS value led to reduced strawberry productivity, and the salt uptake aligned with the cation composition of the \r\nwater.\r\n4. To reclaim sodic soils effectively, it is recommended to employ a combination of management strategies, such as using chemical amendments (e.g., gypsum) along with soil \r\nprofile modification or implementing phytoremediation techniques. These approaches enhance the effectiveness of sodic soil reclamation.","descriptionType":"Abstract"}],"geoLocations":[{"geoLocationPlace":"California"}],"fundingReferences":[{"funderName":"The Water Research Foundation"},{"funderName":"California State Water Resources Control Board"}],"url":"https://ezid.cdlib.org/id/doi:10.34951/E2159H","contentUrl":null,"metadataVersion":2,"schemaVersion":"http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4","source":"mds","isActive":true,"state":"findable","reason":null,"viewCount":0,"downloadCount":0,"referenceCount":0,"citationCount":0,"partCount":0,"partOfCount":0,"versionCount":0,"versionOfCount":0,"created":"2024-10-18T21:13:21Z","registered":"2024-10-18T21:13:22Z","published":null,"updated":"2024-10-18T21:21:05Z"},"relationships":{"client":{"data":{"id":"cdl.ucd","type":"clients"}}}}],"meta":{"total":2,"totalPages":1,"page":1},"links":{"self":"https://api.datacite.org/dois?prefix=10.34951"}}