{"data":[{"id":"10.5281/zenodo.22897207","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.5281/zenodo.22897207","identifiers":[],"creators":[{"nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/05jvev282","name":"Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"},{"name":"Addis Ababa University, Department of Microbial Sciences and Genetics"}],"givenName":"Girma Ayalew","familyName":"Mengistu","name":"Mengistu, Girma Ayalew","nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID","nameIdentifier":"0009-0006-1291-0388"}]}],"titles":[{"title":"Statistical Analysis of the Gut Microbiome of Free-Ranging Domestic Dogs in Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia"}],"publisher":"Zenodo","container":{},"publicationYear":2026,"subjects":[{"subject":"Free-ranging domestic dogs"},{"subject":"Gut microbiome"},{"subject":"Shotgun metagenomics"},{"subject":"Microbes"},{"subject":"Differential abundance"},{"subject":"Pathogen-associated bacteria"},{"subject":"Bale Mountains National Park"},{"subject":"Ethiopia"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2026-09-22","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":"en","types":{"schemaOrg":"SoftwareSourceCode","resourceTypeGeneral":"Software","citeproc":"article","bibtex":"misc","ris":"COMP","resourceType":""},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"HasVersion","relatedIdentifier":"10.5281/zenodo.22897208","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":[],"formats":[],"version":"1.0","rightsList":[{"rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0"},{"rightsUri":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/","rights":"2026 Girma Ayalew Mengistu"}],"descriptions":[{"descriptionType":"Abstract","description":"This software package contains the R scripts, analysis workspace, supplementary tables, figure-generation scripts, and supporting documentation used for the statistical analysis of the gut bacterial microbiome of free-ranging domestic dogs in Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. The analyses include bacterial alpha and beta diversity, differential abundance analyses at species and genus levels, pathogen-associated bacterial burden, and associated statistical analyses. The package corresponds to the analyses reported in the manuscript “Shotgun metagenomic characterization of the gut bacterial community of free-ranging domestic dogs in Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia.” Functional metagenomic analysis is not included in this package and will be conducted separately."}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"url":"https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.22897207","contentUrl":null,"metadataVersion":0,"schemaVersion":"http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4","source":"api","isActive":true,"state":"findable","reason":null,"viewCount":0,"downloadCount":0,"referenceCount":0,"citationCount":0,"partCount":0,"partOfCount":0,"versionCount":1,"versionOfCount":0,"created":"2026-09-22T13:22:08Z","registered":"2026-09-22T13:22:09Z","published":null,"updated":"2026-09-22T13:22:09Z"},"relationships":{"client":{"data":{"id":"cern.zenodo","type":"clients"}}}},{"id":"10.5281/zenodo.22897208","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.5281/zenodo.22897208","identifiers":[{"identifier":"oai:zenodo.org:22897208","identifierType":"oai"}],"creators":[{"nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/05jvev282","name":"Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"},{"name":"Addis Ababa University, Department of Microbial Sciences and Genetics"}],"givenName":"Girma Ayalew","familyName":"Mengistu","name":"Mengistu, Girma Ayalew","nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID","nameIdentifier":"0009-0006-1291-0388"}]}],"titles":[{"title":"Statistical Analysis of the Gut Microbiome of Free-Ranging Domestic Dogs in Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia"}],"publisher":"Zenodo","container":{},"publicationYear":2026,"subjects":[{"subject":"Free-ranging domestic dogs"},{"subject":"Gut microbiome"},{"subject":"Shotgun metagenomics"},{"subject":"Microbes"},{"subject":"Differential abundance"},{"subject":"Pathogen-associated bacteria"},{"subject":"Bale Mountains National Park"},{"subject":"Ethiopia"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2026-09-22","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":"en","types":{"schemaOrg":"SoftwareSourceCode","resourceTypeGeneral":"Software","citeproc":"article","bibtex":"misc","ris":"COMP","resourceType":""},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsVersionOf","relatedIdentifier":"10.5281/zenodo.22897207","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":[],"formats":[],"version":"1.0","rightsList":[{"rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0"},{"rightsUri":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/","rights":"2026 Girma Ayalew Mengistu"}],"descriptions":[{"descriptionType":"Abstract","description":"This software package contains the R scripts, analysis workspace, supplementary tables, figure-generation scripts, and supporting documentation used for the statistical analysis of the gut bacterial microbiome of free-ranging domestic dogs in Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. The analyses include bacterial alpha and beta diversity, differential abundance analyses at species and genus levels, pathogen-associated bacterial burden, and associated statistical analyses. The package corresponds to the analyses reported in the manuscript “Shotgun metagenomic characterization of the gut bacterial community of free-ranging domestic dogs in Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia.” Functional metagenomic analysis is not included in this package and will be conducted separately."}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"url":"https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.22897208","contentUrl":null,"metadataVersion":0,"schemaVersion":"http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4","source":"api","isActive":true,"state":"findable","reason":null,"viewCount":0,"downloadCount":0,"referenceCount":0,"citationCount":0,"partCount":0,"partOfCount":0,"versionCount":0,"versionOfCount":0,"created":"2026-09-22T13:22:08Z","registered":"2026-09-22T13:22:08Z","published":null,"updated":"2026-09-22T13:22:08Z"},"relationships":{"client":{"data":{"id":"cern.zenodo","type":"clients"}}}},{"id":"10.5281/zenodo.22894119","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.5281/zenodo.22894119","identifiers":[{"identifier":"oai:zenodo.org:22894119","identifierType":"oai"}],"creators":[{"nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Haramaya University"}],"familyName":"Adem Felema Chirfa","name":"Adem Felema Chirfa","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Haramaya University"}],"familyName":"Dawit Negassa Golga","name":"Dawit Negassa Golga","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Haramaya University"}],"familyName":"Bahar Adem","name":"Bahar Adem","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/059yk7s89","name":"Haramaya University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"familyName":"Asmerom Tekle Hagos","name":"Asmerom Tekle Hagos","nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Adapting Instruction for Inclusion: Policy, Practice, and the Educational Outcomes of Children with Disabilities in West Arsi Zone, Ethiopia"}],"publisher":"Zenodo","container":{},"publicationYear":2026,"subjects":[{"subject":"Inclusive education, instructional adaptations, disability, policy implementation, Ethiopia, primary schools"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2026-09-22","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":"en","types":{"schemaOrg":"ScholarlyArticle","resourceTypeGeneral":"JournalArticle","citeproc":"article-journal","bibtex":"article","ris":"JOUR","resourceType":""},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsVersionOf","relatedIdentifier":"10.5281/zenodo.22894118","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":[],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0"}],"descriptions":[{"descriptionType":"Abstract","description":"Abstract\n\nDespite progressive policies, inclusive education (IE) in Ethiopia remains largely symbolic, with children with disabilities (CwDs) experiencing low academic achievement, limited participation, and social marginalization. Instructional adaptations (IAs) are critical for translating policy into meaningful classroom practice, yet evidence on their effectiveness in Ethiopian primary schools is scarce. This study examined how IE policies and IAs influence educational outcomes of CwDs in public primary schools in the West Arsi Zone, Ethiopia. A mixed embedded design was employed, integrating quantitative surveys of 337 teachers across 120 schools with qualitative interviews involving educators, administrators, parents, and students. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, regression, and mediation analysis, while qualitative data were thematically coded to contextualize findings.  Findings revealed weak implementation of instructional adaptations (M = 1.93), low educational outcomes (M = 2.25), and very low policy practices (M = 1.69). Regression analysis showed that policy practices significantly predicted IAs (β = .367, p \u003c .001) and educational outcomes (β = .509, p \u003c .001). Mediation analysis confirmed that IAs partially mediated the relationship between policy and outcomes (indirect effect B = .108, 95% CI [.068, .153]). Qualitative evidence reinforced these results, highlighting symbolic promotion, poor academic mastery, and limited adaptation beyond lower grades/schools with resources. IE in Ethiopia is constrained by weak policy enforcement, inadequate teacher awareness, and resource shortages, resulting in nominal rather than substantive inclusion. Strengthening teacher competence in Universal Design for Learning (UDL), individualized education plans (IEPs), and adaptive technologies, alongside robust policy monitoring and resource allocation, is essential to ensure meaningful practices of IAs, participation and equitable learning outcomes for CwDs."}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"url":"https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.22894119","contentUrl":null,"metadataVersion":0,"schemaVersion":"http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4","source":"api","isActive":true,"state":"findable","reason":null,"viewCount":0,"downloadCount":0,"referenceCount":0,"citationCount":0,"partCount":0,"partOfCount":0,"versionCount":0,"versionOfCount":1,"created":"2026-09-22T09:12:07Z","registered":"2026-09-22T09:12:08Z","published":null,"updated":"2026-09-22T09:14:24Z"},"relationships":{"client":{"data":{"id":"cern.zenodo","type":"clients"}}}},{"id":"10.5281/zenodo.22894118","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.5281/zenodo.22894118","identifiers":[],"creators":[{"nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Haramaya University"}],"familyName":"Adem Felema Chirfa","name":"Adem Felema Chirfa","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Haramaya University"}],"familyName":"Dawit Negassa Golga","name":"Dawit Negassa Golga","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Haramaya University"}],"familyName":"Bahar Adem","name":"Bahar Adem","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/059yk7s89","name":"Haramaya University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"familyName":"Asmerom Tekle Hagos","name":"Asmerom Tekle Hagos","nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Adapting Instruction for Inclusion: Policy, Practice, and the Educational Outcomes of Children with Disabilities in West Arsi Zone, Ethiopia"}],"publisher":"Zenodo","container":{},"publicationYear":2026,"subjects":[{"subject":"Inclusive education, instructional adaptations, disability, policy implementation, Ethiopia, primary schools"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2026-09-22","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":"en","types":{"schemaOrg":"ScholarlyArticle","resourceTypeGeneral":"JournalArticle","citeproc":"article-journal","bibtex":"article","ris":"JOUR","resourceType":""},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"HasVersion","relatedIdentifier":"10.5281/zenodo.22894119","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":[],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0"}],"descriptions":[{"descriptionType":"Abstract","description":"Abstract\n\nDespite progressive policies, inclusive education (IE) in Ethiopia remains largely symbolic, with children with disabilities (CwDs) experiencing low academic achievement, limited participation, and social marginalization. Instructional adaptations (IAs) are critical for translating policy into meaningful classroom practice, yet evidence on their effectiveness in Ethiopian primary schools is scarce. This study examined how IE policies and IAs influence educational outcomes of CwDs in public primary schools in the West Arsi Zone, Ethiopia. A mixed embedded design was employed, integrating quantitative surveys of 337 teachers across 120 schools with qualitative interviews involving educators, administrators, parents, and students. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, regression, and mediation analysis, while qualitative data were thematically coded to contextualize findings.  Findings revealed weak implementation of instructional adaptations (M = 1.93), low educational outcomes (M = 2.25), and very low policy practices (M = 1.69). Regression analysis showed that policy practices significantly predicted IAs (β = .367, p \u003c .001) and educational outcomes (β = .509, p \u003c .001). Mediation analysis confirmed that IAs partially mediated the relationship between policy and outcomes (indirect effect B = .108, 95% CI [.068, .153]). Qualitative evidence reinforced these results, highlighting symbolic promotion, poor academic mastery, and limited adaptation beyond lower grades/schools with resources. IE in Ethiopia is constrained by weak policy enforcement, inadequate teacher awareness, and resource shortages, resulting in nominal rather than substantive inclusion. Strengthening teacher competence in Universal Design for Learning (UDL), individualized education plans (IEPs), and adaptive technologies, alongside robust policy monitoring and resource allocation, is essential to ensure meaningful practices of IAs, participation and equitable learning outcomes for CwDs."}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"url":"https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.22894118","contentUrl":null,"metadataVersion":0,"schemaVersion":"http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4","source":"api","isActive":true,"state":"findable","reason":null,"viewCount":0,"downloadCount":0,"referenceCount":0,"citationCount":0,"partCount":0,"partOfCount":0,"versionCount":1,"versionOfCount":0,"created":"2026-09-22T09:12:08Z","registered":"2026-09-22T09:12:09Z","published":null,"updated":"2026-09-22T09:14:24Z"},"relationships":{"client":{"data":{"id":"cern.zenodo","type":"clients"}}}},{"id":"10.5281/zenodo.22892702","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.5281/zenodo.22892702","identifiers":[],"creators":[{"nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02psd9228","name":"Addis Ababa Science and Technology University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Animaw","familyName":"Kerie","name":"Kerie, Animaw","nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID","nameIdentifier":"0009-0001-6356-8379"}]},{"nameType":"Personal","givenName":"lemlem","familyName":"kassa","name":"kassa, lemlem","nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID","nameIdentifier":"0000-0002-0184-768X"}],"affiliation":[]},{"nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02psd9228","name":"Addis Ababa Science and Technology University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Asrat Mulatu","familyName":"Beyene","name":"Beyene, Asrat Mulatu","nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID","nameIdentifier":"0000-0001-8904-1893"}]},{"nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"HiLcoE school of Computer Science and Technology"}],"givenName":"Sofonias","familyName":"Ayele","name":"Ayele, Sofonias","nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"SCP: Blockchain-Based Signal-Protocol Instant Messaging"}],"publisher":"Zenodo","container":{},"publicationYear":2026,"subjects":[],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2026-09-22","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"schemaOrg":"SoftwareSourceCode","resourceTypeGeneral":"Software","citeproc":"article","bibtex":"misc","ris":"COMP","resourceType":""},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"HasVersion","relatedIdentifier":"10.5281/zenodo.22892703","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":[],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0"}],"descriptions":[{"descriptionType":"Abstract","description":"# SCP—blockchain-anchored Signal-protocol instant messaging\n\nSCP is an end-to-end encrypted instant messenger that takes the identity-key directory.away from the message server and puts it in a smart contract. Clients generateSignal-style prekey bundles in the browser, publish the public half on an EVM chain, andread a peer's bundle from the ledger rather than from the relay—so a compromised orThe coerced server cannot substitute an identity key and read the conversation.\n\nThis repository is the research artifact accompanying the SoftwareX article.*\"SCP: blockchain-anchored Signal-protocol instant messaging.\" It contains thereference implementation, a re-engineered build, the experiment harness used to produceevery number in the paper and the full register of defects found along the way.\n\nThis is research software, not a production messenger.Security status](#security-status) before you use or extend it. Version 1.0.0 cannotdecrypt a message in a standards-conformant browser.\n\nContents\n\n------------------\n\n- [What it does](#what-it-does)- [Architecture](#architecture)- [Repository layout](#repository-layout)- [Requirements](#requirements)- [Quick start](#quick-start)- [Running the experiments](#running-the-experiments)- [Protocol summary](#protocol-summary)- [Interfaces](#interfaces)- [Measured results](#measured-results)- [Security status](#security-status)- [Versions](#versions)- [How to cite](#how-to-cite)- [License](#license)\n\n---\n\nWhat it does?\n\nA user signs up and picks a wallet, and the client walks through three steps:\n\n1. `registerUser(username)` binds the username to the caller's externally owned accountin the registry contract. A username can be claimed once; an address can hold one.username.2. An identity key pair and a signed prekey pair are generated **in the browser** withWebCrypto (ECDH P-256), and the signed prekey is signed with the identity key.(ECDSA-SHA256).3. `storePrekey(IK, SPK, σ)` publishes the three public values on-chain.\n\nFrom then on, anyone who wants to message that user reads the bundle from the ledger.verifies σ under the on-chain identity key, runs X3DH, and starts a Double Ratchetsession. The server stores and forwards a base64 ciphertext, the sender's currentratchet public key, and two counters—nothing else. It is never asked for a key.\n\nThe login endpoint refuses to issue a token until the account's bundle exists on-chain.so every authenticated account is reachable.\n\nArchitecture\n\n```┌─────────────────────────┐   HTTPS / STOMP   ┌──────────────────────┐│  scp-client             │ ◄───────────────► │  scp-backend         ││  Vue 3 · TypeScript     │                   │  Spring Boot 3.3     ││  WebCrypto P-256        │                   │  REST + STOMP relay  │──► PostgreSQL│  X3DH · Double Ratchet  │                   │  JWT · web3j         ││  ethers.js v6           │                   └──────────┬───────────┘└───────────┬─────────────┘                              │ eth_call            │ eth_sendRawTransaction / eth_call          │ (login gate)            ▼                                            ▼      ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐      │  scp-blockchain — PrekeyManagement.sol on an EVM chain │      │  username → address → (identityKey, signedPrekey, σ)   │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘```\n\nThe trust boundary is the browser. Private keys and plaintext never cross it. TheRelay is untrusted for key distribution by construction, not by policy.\n\nFull diagrams—system architecture, protocol architecture, sequence diagrams, registrystate machine, deployment, and data model—are in [`figures/`](figures/) as SVG sourceand print-resolution PNG.\n\nRepository layout\n\n```scp-client/            Vue 3 + TypeScript single-page application  src/crypto/    CryptoService.ts     X3DH, KDFs, AEAD, ECDSA — 516 lines    Session.ts           Double Ratchet state machine — 163 lines    messageOps.ts        encrypt/decrypt entry points  src/stores/          Pinia state (auth, crypto, chat, conversation, websocket)  src/utils/    BlockchainService.ts ethers.js contract client    handlers.ts          WebSocket event handlers, prekey fetch  src/views/           Login, Signup, Registration, Chat  public/abi/          deployed contract ABI + address\n\nscp-backend/           Spring Boot 3.3 service  src/main/java/md/proj/encryptedchat/    security/            JWT filter, auth service, token store    conversation/        request / accept / reject lifecycle    chatmessage/         ciphertext storage and relay    blockchain/          web3j client + generated contract wrapper    config/              STOMP broker and channel interceptor\n\nscp-blockchain/        Truffle project  contracts/PrekeyManagement.sol       the key directory (95 lines)  migrations/, test/, build/contracts/\n\nharness/               experiment suite driving the shipped crypto (E1–E6)hardened/              re-engineered client crypto + PrekeyManagementV2.solfigures/               all paper figures, SVG source + PNG + generator scriptsscreens/               browser captures and console transcriptsDEFECTS.md             the twenty-five findings, with file and line referencesREPRODUCE.md           step-by-step reproduction of every measurement```\n\nHand-written source: **5,368 lines across 83 files** — TypeScript 1,814, Vue SFC 1,458,Java 1,822, Solidity 95, JavaScript 179. The 337-line web3j contract wrapper isgenerated and excluded from that count.\n\n## Requirements\n\n| Component | Version | Notes ||---|---|---|| Node.js | ≥ 18 (tested on 22.22) | client build and the harness || JDK | 17 | Spring Boot 3.3 target || Maven | ≥ 3.8 | or the bundled `mvnw` wrapper || PostgreSQL | ≥ 14 (tested on 16) | database `e2ee` || EVM node | Ganache 7.x | JSON-RPC on port 7545, networkId 5777 || Truffle | ≥ 5 | compile and migrate the contract || Browser | any with WebCrypto | **must** be a secure context |\n\n**The secure-context requirement is not optional.** `crypto.subtle` is `undefined` on aplain-HTTP origin that is not `localhost`, and every cryptographic operation in theclient will fail with a `TypeError`. Serve over `localhost` or HTTPS.\n\n## Quick start\n\n```bash# 1. chain — the ten wallet keys hardcoded in LoginView.vue and SignupView.vue#    must exist on it, and networkId must be 5777 to match public/abi/npx ganache --port 7545 --chain.networkId 5777 --chain.chainId 1337 \\            --miner.blockGasLimit 6721975 --chain.hardfork shanghai \\            --wallet.accounts \u003ckey\u003e,0x56BC75E2D63100000   # × 10\n\n# 2. contractcd scp-blockchain \u0026\u0026 truffle compile \u0026\u0026 truffle migrate\n\n# 3. databasecreatedb e2ee            # user/password default to postgres/postgres\n\n# 4. servicecd scp-backend \u0026\u0026 ./mvnw spring-boot:run           # :8080\n\n# 5. clientcd scp-client \u0026\u0026 npm install \u0026\u0026 npm run dev        # :5173```\n\nThen open \u003chttp://localhost:5173\u003e, sign up, and wait for the three enrollment steps totick. Repeat in a second browser profile for the peer, request a conversation, and accept.it, and send a message.\n\nDeploy from the account named in `scp-backend/src/main/resources/application.properties`at nonce 0, and the contract address is deterministic—it reproduces the address alreadyrecorded in `public/abi/PrekeyManagement.json`:\n\n```deployer 0x5216D37270FAc2eC3DC5C128d02A87A2377E8722   nonce 0address  0x4c103D47c16Cdabd32a30a2b234451D360F7549C   deploy gas 1,661,766```\n\nIf you deploy from a different account, update `blockchain.address.prekey-management`in `application.properties` **and** the `networks.5777.address` field in`scp-client/public/abi/PrekeyManagement.json`.\n\nDetailed environment notes, including the RAR-5 extraction and the Windows-built`node_modules` issue, are in [REPRODUCE.md](REPRODUCE.md).\n\n## Running the experiments\n\nThe harness bundles the **unmodified** `CryptoService.ts` and `Session.ts` with esbuildand drives them against a live contract, so the measurements describe the shipped coderather than a re-implementation of it.\n\n```bashnode_modules/.bin/esbuild harness/entry.ts --bundle --format=esm \\     --outfile=harness/cryptolib.mjs --platform=neutralnode harness/experiment.mjs            # → results.jsonnode hardened/experiment.mjs           # same suite, re-engineered buildnode v2test.mjs                        # PrekeyManagementV2 gas + rejection testsnode e2e.mjs hardened                  # Playwright lifecycle capture```\n\n| Experiment | Establishes ||---|---|| E1 | on-chain publication; bytes read back equal bytes generated; σ verifies under the on-chain IK; gas and latency || E1b | A taken username cannot be claimed; a bound address cannot re-register; an unregistered address cannot publish. || E2 | sender and receiver derive the same 32-byte shared secret || E3a–d | unidirectional chain, bidirectional exchange with a DH ratchet step, out-of-order delivery, tamper, and associated-data binding || E3e | ciphertext-mutation probe—the padding-oracle test || E4 | microbenchmarks, N = 100 per operation || E5 | ciphertext expansion || E6 | prekey-substitution attempt by a third account |\n\nRaw output is in `results-original.json`, `results-hardened.json`, `results-v2.json` andthe two console transcripts.\n\n## Protocol summary\n\nX3DH over NIST P-256, with an identity key and a signed prekey but **no one-timeprekeys**. Bob publishes:\n\n```bundle_B = ( IK_B , SPK_B , σ_B )      σ_B = Sig_ECDSA-SHA256( ik_B , SPK_B )```\n\nAlice verifies σ_B under IK_B and generates an ephemeral pair—which also becomes herinitial sending ratchet key—and computes:\n\n```DH1 = ECDH(ik_A, SPK_B)    DH2 = ECDH(ek_A, IK_B)    DH3 = ECDH(ek_A, SPK_B)SK  = SHA-256(DH1 ‖ DH2 ‖ DH3)                       |SK| = 32 bytes```\n\nThe Double Ratchet is seeded from SK and advances by two KDFs:\n\n```RK′ ‖ CK′ = HKDF-SHA256(salt = RK, ikm = dh_out, info = 0x01, 64 bytes)CK′ = HMAC-SHA256(CK, 0x02)          mk = HMAC-SHA256(CK, 0x01)```\n\nEach record is Encrypt-then-MAC, bound to both identities and to its own header:\n\n```AD = IK_sender ‖ IK_receiver         header = (DHs.pub, pn, n)k_e ‖ k_a ‖ IV = HKDF-SHA256(salt = 0^32, ikm = mk, info = 0x03, 80 bytes)c = AES-256-CBC(k_e, IV, m)          t = HMAC-SHA256(k_a, AD ‖ header ‖ c)wire = base64(c ‖ t)```\n\nCiphertext expansion is a constant 48 bytes; the JSON header adds 134 bytes, dominatedby the 65-byte ratchet point sent as hexadecimal.\n\n**This is signal-shaped, not signal-conformant.** The five documented deviations—bare SHA-256 instead of HKDF in the X3DH output, no one-time prekeys, P-256 instead ofCurve25519, one key pair for both ECDH and ECDSA, and AES-CBC + HMAC instead of anAEAD are described in `docs/PROTOCOL.md` and in Section 2.4 of the paper.\n\n## Interfaces\n\nFull reference in [`docs/API.md`](docs/API.md). In brief:\n\n**Contract** — `registerUser(string)`, `storePrekey(bytes,bytes,bytes)`,`getUserAddress(string) view`, `getPrekey(string) view`, `hasPrekeyBundle(string) view`,`resetContract() onlyOwner`; events `UserRegistered(string,address)` and`PrekeyStored(address,PrekeyBundle)`.\n\n**REST** — `/api/auth/{register,authenticate,refresh-token,logout}`,`/api/conversations/{request,accept,reject,delete}/…` and `/api/conversations/{active,inactive}`,`/api/messages` and `/api/messages/{otherUsername}`, `/api/users` and `/api/users/online`.\n\n**STOMP** — endpoint `/ws`; client sends to `/app/chat`, `/app/user.connectUser`,`/app/user.disconnectUser`; the server delivers to `/user/{username}/queue/messages` and`/user/{username}/queue/conversation`.\n\n## Measured results\n\nGanache, EVM Shanghai, ten-account chain; client benchmarks on Node 22 / WebCrypto with256-byte payloads, N = 100.\n\n| Operation | v1.0.0 | v1.1.0 ||---|---:|---:|| deploy contract | 1,661,766 gas | 983,132 gas || `registerUser` (first account) | 160,022 gas | 69,436 gas || `registerUser` (later account) | 125,798 gas | 69,412 gas || `storePrekey` (first publication) | 282,733 gas | 302,594 gas || `storePrekey` (key rotation) | 282,733 gas | 67,032 gas || `revokePrekey` | — | 30,877 gas || `transferBinding` | — | 61,041 gas || `getPrekey` / `hasPrekeyBundle` | 0 (view), 33 ms median | 0 (view) |\n\n| Client operation | v1.0.0 mean | v1.1.0 mean ||---|---:|---:|| ECDH P-256 key generation | 0.21 ms | 0.14 ms || verify prekey signature | 0.22 ms | 0.22 ms || X3DH (3 × ECDH + KDF) | 0.77 ms | 0.76 ms || full prekey bundle | 0.80 ms | 0.70 ms || RatchetEncrypt, 256 B | 0.94 ms | 0.73 ms || RatchetDecrypt, 256 B | 1.12 ms | 0.88 ms |\n\nEnrollment is a one-off of ~443,000 gas per user under v1.0.0 and ~372,000 under v1.1.0;Every read thereafter is free.\n\n## Security status\n\n**Do not deploy this as a messenger.** It is an artifact for studying blockchain-anchoredkey distribution.\n\nTwenty-five defects are documented in [DEFECTS.md](DEFECTS.md) with file and linereferences. Nine change the security or the availability of the protocol. The three thatmatter most in v1.0.0:\n\n- **D1** — `importCryptoKey` gives a raw-imported ECDH *public* key the usage list  `[\"deriveKey\",\"deriveBits\"]`, which W3C WebCrypto requires to be empty. Chromium 141  and Node 22 both reject it, so the receive path throws, and **no message can be  decrypted in any conformant browser**.- **D6** — `DECRYPT` runs AES-CBC before verifying the HMAC, so a padding failure and anauthentication failure are distinguishable to whoever submitted the ciphertext: apadding oracle.- **D3—the receiving ratchet skips message keys only on a DH-ratchet step, never for  a gap inside the current chain, so one lost or reordered message desynchronizes thesession permanently.\n\nv1.1.0 repairs D1, D2, D3, D6, D9, D11, and D25 in the client and replaces the contract.with `PrekeyManagementV2`, which has no privileged owner, versions and timestamps everypublication, validates key material on entry, and supports revocation and walletrotation. Items D5, D7, D8, D10, D12, D16–D18, D20–D24, and D26 remain open.\n\n**Credentials in the source tree are demonstration values.** `application.properties`carries a JWT signing key and a funded wallet private key; `LoginView.vue` and`SignupView.vue` carry ten more private keys in cleartext. They are Ganache testaccounts with no value. Replace all of them before any deployment beyond a local chain.\n\n## Versions\n\n| Version | Date | Description ||---|---|---|| 1.0.0 | 2024-09-06 | Reference implementation as originally developed and archived. Contract deployed at `0x4c103D47…F7549C`, build artifact dated 2024-09-06. || 1.1.0 | 2026-09-21 | Re-engineered build: seven client fixes, `PrekeyManagementV2`, experiment harness, defect register, paper figures. |\n\nSee [CHANGELOG.md](CHANGELOG.md).\n\n## How to cite\n\nIf you use this software, please cite both the software and the article. Machine-readablemetadata is in [`CITATION.cff`](CITATION.cff) and [`codemeta.json`](codemeta.json); GitHubrenders a citation block from the former.\n\n```bibtex@software{scp_software,  author    = {\u003cAUTHORS\u003e},  title     = {{SCP}: blockchain-anchored {Signal}-protocol instant messaging},  version   = {1.1.0},  year      = {2026},  publisher = {Zenodo},  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.XXXXXXX},  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.XXXXXXX}}```\n\nReplace `10.5281/zenodo.XXXXXXX` with the DOI Zenodo mints for your release, and add thearticle DOI once SoftwareX assigns one. See [ZENODO-DEPOSIT.md](ZENODO-DEPOSIT.md).\n\n## License\n\nMIT — see [LICENSE](LICENSE). `PrekeyManagement.sol` already carried an`SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT` header; the same license is applied to the client andserver modules.\n\nThird-party dependencies keep their own licenses; they are not redistributed in this.archive beyond what `package.json`, `pom.xml` and `package-lock.json` declare."}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"url":"https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.22892702","contentUrl":null,"metadataVersion":0,"schemaVersion":"http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4","source":"api","isActive":true,"state":"findable","reason":null,"viewCount":0,"downloadCount":0,"referenceCount":0,"citationCount":0,"partCount":0,"partOfCount":0,"versionCount":1,"versionOfCount":0,"created":"2026-09-22T08:18:31Z","registered":"2026-09-22T08:18:32Z","published":null,"updated":"2026-09-22T08:18:32Z"},"relationships":{"client":{"data":{"id":"cern.zenodo","type":"clients"}}}},{"id":"10.5281/zenodo.22892703","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.5281/zenodo.22892703","identifiers":[{"identifier":"oai:zenodo.org:22892703","identifierType":"oai"}],"creators":[{"nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02psd9228","name":"Addis Ababa Science and Technology University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Animaw","familyName":"Kerie","name":"Kerie, Animaw","nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID","nameIdentifier":"0009-0001-6356-8379"}]},{"nameType":"Personal","givenName":"lemlem","familyName":"kassa","name":"kassa, lemlem","nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID","nameIdentifier":"0000-0002-0184-768X"}],"affiliation":[]},{"nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02psd9228","name":"Addis Ababa Science and Technology University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Asrat Mulatu","familyName":"Beyene","name":"Beyene, Asrat Mulatu","nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID","nameIdentifier":"0000-0001-8904-1893"}]},{"nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"HiLcoE school of Computer Science and Technology"}],"givenName":"Sofonias","familyName":"Ayele","name":"Ayele, Sofonias","nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"SCP: Blockchain-Based Signal-Protocol Instant Messaging"}],"publisher":"Zenodo","container":{},"publicationYear":2026,"subjects":[],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2026-09-22","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"schemaOrg":"SoftwareSourceCode","resourceTypeGeneral":"Software","citeproc":"article","bibtex":"misc","ris":"COMP","resourceType":""},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsVersionOf","relatedIdentifier":"10.5281/zenodo.22892702","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":[],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0"}],"descriptions":[{"descriptionType":"Abstract","description":"# SCP—blockchain-anchored Signal-protocol instant messaging\n\nSCP is an end-to-end encrypted instant messenger that takes the identity-key directory.away from the message server and puts it in a smart contract. Clients generateSignal-style prekey bundles in the browser, publish the public half on an EVM chain, andread a peer's bundle from the ledger rather than from the relay—so a compromised orThe coerced server cannot substitute an identity key and read the conversation.\n\nThis repository is the research artifact accompanying the SoftwareX article.*\"SCP: blockchain-anchored Signal-protocol instant messaging.\" It contains thereference implementation, a re-engineered build, the experiment harness used to produceevery number in the paper and the full register of defects found along the way.\n\nThis is research software, not a production messenger.Security status](#security-status) before you use or extend it. Version 1.0.0 cannotdecrypt a message in a standards-conformant browser.\n\nContents\n\n------------------\n\n- [What it does](#what-it-does)- [Architecture](#architecture)- [Repository layout](#repository-layout)- [Requirements](#requirements)- [Quick start](#quick-start)- [Running the experiments](#running-the-experiments)- [Protocol summary](#protocol-summary)- [Interfaces](#interfaces)- [Measured results](#measured-results)- [Security status](#security-status)- [Versions](#versions)- [How to cite](#how-to-cite)- [License](#license)\n\n---\n\nWhat it does?\n\nA user signs up and picks a wallet, and the client walks through three steps:\n\n1. `registerUser(username)` binds the username to the caller's externally owned accountin the registry contract. A username can be claimed once; an address can hold one.username.2. An identity key pair and a signed prekey pair are generated **in the browser** withWebCrypto (ECDH P-256), and the signed prekey is signed with the identity key.(ECDSA-SHA256).3. `storePrekey(IK, SPK, σ)` publishes the three public values on-chain.\n\nFrom then on, anyone who wants to message that user reads the bundle from the ledger.verifies σ under the on-chain identity key, runs X3DH, and starts a Double Ratchetsession. The server stores and forwards a base64 ciphertext, the sender's currentratchet public key, and two counters—nothing else. It is never asked for a key.\n\nThe login endpoint refuses to issue a token until the account's bundle exists on-chain.so every authenticated account is reachable.\n\nArchitecture\n\n```┌─────────────────────────┐   HTTPS / STOMP   ┌──────────────────────┐│  scp-client             │ ◄───────────────► │  scp-backend         ││  Vue 3 · TypeScript     │                   │  Spring Boot 3.3     ││  WebCrypto P-256        │                   │  REST + STOMP relay  │──► PostgreSQL│  X3DH · Double Ratchet  │                   │  JWT · web3j         ││  ethers.js v6           │                   └──────────┬───────────┘└───────────┬─────────────┘                              │ eth_call            │ eth_sendRawTransaction / eth_call          │ (login gate)            ▼                                            ▼      ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐      │  scp-blockchain — PrekeyManagement.sol on an EVM chain │      │  username → address → (identityKey, signedPrekey, σ)   │      └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘```\n\nThe trust boundary is the browser. Private keys and plaintext never cross it. TheRelay is untrusted for key distribution by construction, not by policy.\n\nFull diagrams—system architecture, protocol architecture, sequence diagrams, registrystate machine, deployment, and data model—are in [`figures/`](figures/) as SVG sourceand print-resolution PNG.\n\nRepository layout\n\n```scp-client/            Vue 3 + TypeScript single-page application  src/crypto/    CryptoService.ts     X3DH, KDFs, AEAD, ECDSA — 516 lines    Session.ts           Double Ratchet state machine — 163 lines    messageOps.ts        encrypt/decrypt entry points  src/stores/          Pinia state (auth, crypto, chat, conversation, websocket)  src/utils/    BlockchainService.ts ethers.js contract client    handlers.ts          WebSocket event handlers, prekey fetch  src/views/           Login, Signup, Registration, Chat  public/abi/          deployed contract ABI + address\n\nscp-backend/           Spring Boot 3.3 service  src/main/java/md/proj/encryptedchat/    security/            JWT filter, auth service, token store    conversation/        request / accept / reject lifecycle    chatmessage/         ciphertext storage and relay    blockchain/          web3j client + generated contract wrapper    config/              STOMP broker and channel interceptor\n\nscp-blockchain/        Truffle project  contracts/PrekeyManagement.sol       the key directory (95 lines)  migrations/, test/, build/contracts/\n\nharness/               experiment suite driving the shipped crypto (E1–E6)hardened/              re-engineered client crypto + PrekeyManagementV2.solfigures/               all paper figures, SVG source + PNG + generator scriptsscreens/               browser captures and console transcriptsDEFECTS.md             the twenty-five findings, with file and line referencesREPRODUCE.md           step-by-step reproduction of every measurement```\n\nHand-written source: **5,368 lines across 83 files** — TypeScript 1,814, Vue SFC 1,458,Java 1,822, Solidity 95, JavaScript 179. The 337-line web3j contract wrapper isgenerated and excluded from that count.\n\n## Requirements\n\n| Component | Version | Notes ||---|---|---|| Node.js | ≥ 18 (tested on 22.22) | client build and the harness || JDK | 17 | Spring Boot 3.3 target || Maven | ≥ 3.8 | or the bundled `mvnw` wrapper || PostgreSQL | ≥ 14 (tested on 16) | database `e2ee` || EVM node | Ganache 7.x | JSON-RPC on port 7545, networkId 5777 || Truffle | ≥ 5 | compile and migrate the contract || Browser | any with WebCrypto | **must** be a secure context |\n\n**The secure-context requirement is not optional.** `crypto.subtle` is `undefined` on aplain-HTTP origin that is not `localhost`, and every cryptographic operation in theclient will fail with a `TypeError`. Serve over `localhost` or HTTPS.\n\n## Quick start\n\n```bash# 1. chain — the ten wallet keys hardcoded in LoginView.vue and SignupView.vue#    must exist on it, and networkId must be 5777 to match public/abi/npx ganache --port 7545 --chain.networkId 5777 --chain.chainId 1337 \\            --miner.blockGasLimit 6721975 --chain.hardfork shanghai \\            --wallet.accounts \u003ckey\u003e,0x56BC75E2D63100000   # × 10\n\n# 2. contractcd scp-blockchain \u0026\u0026 truffle compile \u0026\u0026 truffle migrate\n\n# 3. databasecreatedb e2ee            # user/password default to postgres/postgres\n\n# 4. servicecd scp-backend \u0026\u0026 ./mvnw spring-boot:run           # :8080\n\n# 5. clientcd scp-client \u0026\u0026 npm install \u0026\u0026 npm run dev        # :5173```\n\nThen open \u003chttp://localhost:5173\u003e, sign up, and wait for the three enrollment steps totick. Repeat in a second browser profile for the peer, request a conversation, and accept.it, and send a message.\n\nDeploy from the account named in `scp-backend/src/main/resources/application.properties`at nonce 0, and the contract address is deterministic—it reproduces the address alreadyrecorded in `public/abi/PrekeyManagement.json`:\n\n```deployer 0x5216D37270FAc2eC3DC5C128d02A87A2377E8722   nonce 0address  0x4c103D47c16Cdabd32a30a2b234451D360F7549C   deploy gas 1,661,766```\n\nIf you deploy from a different account, update `blockchain.address.prekey-management`in `application.properties` **and** the `networks.5777.address` field in`scp-client/public/abi/PrekeyManagement.json`.\n\nDetailed environment notes, including the RAR-5 extraction and the Windows-built`node_modules` issue, are in [REPRODUCE.md](REPRODUCE.md).\n\n## Running the experiments\n\nThe harness bundles the **unmodified** `CryptoService.ts` and `Session.ts` with esbuildand drives them against a live contract, so the measurements describe the shipped coderather than a re-implementation of it.\n\n```bashnode_modules/.bin/esbuild harness/entry.ts --bundle --format=esm \\     --outfile=harness/cryptolib.mjs --platform=neutralnode harness/experiment.mjs            # → results.jsonnode hardened/experiment.mjs           # same suite, re-engineered buildnode v2test.mjs                        # PrekeyManagementV2 gas + rejection testsnode e2e.mjs hardened                  # Playwright lifecycle capture```\n\n| Experiment | Establishes ||---|---|| E1 | on-chain publication; bytes read back equal bytes generated; σ verifies under the on-chain IK; gas and latency || E1b | A taken username cannot be claimed; a bound address cannot re-register; an unregistered address cannot publish. || E2 | sender and receiver derive the same 32-byte shared secret || E3a–d | unidirectional chain, bidirectional exchange with a DH ratchet step, out-of-order delivery, tamper, and associated-data binding || E3e | ciphertext-mutation probe—the padding-oracle test || E4 | microbenchmarks, N = 100 per operation || E5 | ciphertext expansion || E6 | prekey-substitution attempt by a third account |\n\nRaw output is in `results-original.json`, `results-hardened.json`, `results-v2.json` andthe two console transcripts.\n\n## Protocol summary\n\nX3DH over NIST P-256, with an identity key and a signed prekey but **no one-timeprekeys**. Bob publishes:\n\n```bundle_B = ( IK_B , SPK_B , σ_B )      σ_B = Sig_ECDSA-SHA256( ik_B , SPK_B )```\n\nAlice verifies σ_B under IK_B and generates an ephemeral pair—which also becomes herinitial sending ratchet key—and computes:\n\n```DH1 = ECDH(ik_A, SPK_B)    DH2 = ECDH(ek_A, IK_B)    DH3 = ECDH(ek_A, SPK_B)SK  = SHA-256(DH1 ‖ DH2 ‖ DH3)                       |SK| = 32 bytes```\n\nThe Double Ratchet is seeded from SK and advances by two KDFs:\n\n```RK′ ‖ CK′ = HKDF-SHA256(salt = RK, ikm = dh_out, info = 0x01, 64 bytes)CK′ = HMAC-SHA256(CK, 0x02)          mk = HMAC-SHA256(CK, 0x01)```\n\nEach record is Encrypt-then-MAC, bound to both identities and to its own header:\n\n```AD = IK_sender ‖ IK_receiver         header = (DHs.pub, pn, n)k_e ‖ k_a ‖ IV = HKDF-SHA256(salt = 0^32, ikm = mk, info = 0x03, 80 bytes)c = AES-256-CBC(k_e, IV, m)          t = HMAC-SHA256(k_a, AD ‖ header ‖ c)wire = base64(c ‖ t)```\n\nCiphertext expansion is a constant 48 bytes; the JSON header adds 134 bytes, dominatedby the 65-byte ratchet point sent as hexadecimal.\n\n**This is signal-shaped, not signal-conformant.** The five documented deviations—bare SHA-256 instead of HKDF in the X3DH output, no one-time prekeys, P-256 instead ofCurve25519, one key pair for both ECDH and ECDSA, and AES-CBC + HMAC instead of anAEAD are described in `docs/PROTOCOL.md` and in Section 2.4 of the paper.\n\n## Interfaces\n\nFull reference in [`docs/API.md`](docs/API.md). In brief:\n\n**Contract** — `registerUser(string)`, `storePrekey(bytes,bytes,bytes)`,`getUserAddress(string) view`, `getPrekey(string) view`, `hasPrekeyBundle(string) view`,`resetContract() onlyOwner`; events `UserRegistered(string,address)` and`PrekeyStored(address,PrekeyBundle)`.\n\n**REST** — `/api/auth/{register,authenticate,refresh-token,logout}`,`/api/conversations/{request,accept,reject,delete}/…` and `/api/conversations/{active,inactive}`,`/api/messages` and `/api/messages/{otherUsername}`, `/api/users` and `/api/users/online`.\n\n**STOMP** — endpoint `/ws`; client sends to `/app/chat`, `/app/user.connectUser`,`/app/user.disconnectUser`; the server delivers to `/user/{username}/queue/messages` and`/user/{username}/queue/conversation`.\n\n## Measured results\n\nGanache, EVM Shanghai, ten-account chain; client benchmarks on Node 22 / WebCrypto with256-byte payloads, N = 100.\n\n| Operation | v1.0.0 | v1.1.0 ||---|---:|---:|| deploy contract | 1,661,766 gas | 983,132 gas || `registerUser` (first account) | 160,022 gas | 69,436 gas || `registerUser` (later account) | 125,798 gas | 69,412 gas || `storePrekey` (first publication) | 282,733 gas | 302,594 gas || `storePrekey` (key rotation) | 282,733 gas | 67,032 gas || `revokePrekey` | — | 30,877 gas || `transferBinding` | — | 61,041 gas || `getPrekey` / `hasPrekeyBundle` | 0 (view), 33 ms median | 0 (view) |\n\n| Client operation | v1.0.0 mean | v1.1.0 mean ||---|---:|---:|| ECDH P-256 key generation | 0.21 ms | 0.14 ms || verify prekey signature | 0.22 ms | 0.22 ms || X3DH (3 × ECDH + KDF) | 0.77 ms | 0.76 ms || full prekey bundle | 0.80 ms | 0.70 ms || RatchetEncrypt, 256 B | 0.94 ms | 0.73 ms || RatchetDecrypt, 256 B | 1.12 ms | 0.88 ms |\n\nEnrollment is a one-off of ~443,000 gas per user under v1.0.0 and ~372,000 under v1.1.0;Every read thereafter is free.\n\n## Security status\n\n**Do not deploy this as a messenger.** It is an artifact for studying blockchain-anchoredkey distribution.\n\nTwenty-five defects are documented in [DEFECTS.md](DEFECTS.md) with file and linereferences. Nine change the security or the availability of the protocol. The three thatmatter most in v1.0.0:\n\n- **D1** — `importCryptoKey` gives a raw-imported ECDH *public* key the usage list  `[\"deriveKey\",\"deriveBits\"]`, which W3C WebCrypto requires to be empty. Chromium 141  and Node 22 both reject it, so the receive path throws, and **no message can be  decrypted in any conformant browser**.- **D6** — `DECRYPT` runs AES-CBC before verifying the HMAC, so a padding failure and anauthentication failure are distinguishable to whoever submitted the ciphertext: apadding oracle.- **D3—the receiving ratchet skips message keys only on a DH-ratchet step, never for  a gap inside the current chain, so one lost or reordered message desynchronizes thesession permanently.\n\nv1.1.0 repairs D1, D2, D3, D6, D9, D11, and D25 in the client and replaces the contract.with `PrekeyManagementV2`, which has no privileged owner, versions and timestamps everypublication, validates key material on entry, and supports revocation and walletrotation. Items D5, D7, D8, D10, D12, D16–D18, D20–D24, and D26 remain open.\n\n**Credentials in the source tree are demonstration values.** `application.properties`carries a JWT signing key and a funded wallet private key; `LoginView.vue` and`SignupView.vue` carry ten more private keys in cleartext. They are Ganache testaccounts with no value. Replace all of them before any deployment beyond a local chain.\n\n## Versions\n\n| Version | Date | Description ||---|---|---|| 1.0.0 | 2024-09-06 | Reference implementation as originally developed and archived. Contract deployed at `0x4c103D47…F7549C`, build artifact dated 2024-09-06. || 1.1.0 | 2026-09-21 | Re-engineered build: seven client fixes, `PrekeyManagementV2`, experiment harness, defect register, paper figures. |\n\nSee [CHANGELOG.md](CHANGELOG.md).\n\n## How to cite\n\nIf you use this software, please cite both the software and the article. Machine-readablemetadata is in [`CITATION.cff`](CITATION.cff) and [`codemeta.json`](codemeta.json); GitHubrenders a citation block from the former.\n\n```bibtex@software{scp_software,  author    = {\u003cAUTHORS\u003e},  title     = {{SCP}: blockchain-anchored {Signal}-protocol instant messaging},  version   = {1.1.0},  year      = {2026},  publisher = {Zenodo},  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.XXXXXXX},  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.XXXXXXX}}```\n\nReplace `10.5281/zenodo.XXXXXXX` with the DOI Zenodo mints for your release, and add thearticle DOI once SoftwareX assigns one. See [ZENODO-DEPOSIT.md](ZENODO-DEPOSIT.md).\n\n## License\n\nMIT — see [LICENSE](LICENSE). `PrekeyManagement.sol` already carried an`SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT` header; the same license is applied to the client andserver modules.\n\nThird-party dependencies keep their own licenses; they are not redistributed in this.archive beyond what `package.json`, `pom.xml` and `package-lock.json` declare."}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"url":"https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.22892703","contentUrl":null,"metadataVersion":0,"schemaVersion":"http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4","source":"api","isActive":true,"state":"findable","reason":null,"viewCount":0,"downloadCount":0,"referenceCount":0,"citationCount":0,"partCount":0,"partOfCount":0,"versionCount":0,"versionOfCount":0,"created":"2026-09-22T08:18:30Z","registered":"2026-09-22T08:18:30Z","published":null,"updated":"2026-09-22T08:18:30Z"},"relationships":{"client":{"data":{"id":"cern.zenodo","type":"clients"}}}},{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8729040","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8729040","identifiers":[],"creators":[{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04zte5g15","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"Madawalabu University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Tesfaye Asefa","familyName":"Hordofa","name":"Tesfaye Asefa Hordofa","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04zte5g15","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"Madawalabu University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Dinku Tsegaye","familyName":"Urji","name":"Dinku Tsegaye Urji","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04zte5g15","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"Madawalabu University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Kelil Musa","familyName":"Nerso","name":"Kelil Musa Nerso","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04r15fz20","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"Hawassa University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Tajera Tageza","familyName":"Ilala","name":"Tajera Tageza Ilala","nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Perioperative anesthetic management of perforated appendicitis in a pregnant patient with severe pulmonary hypertension: a rare case report"}],"publisher":"figshare","container":{},"publicationYear":2026,"subjects":[{"subject":"Medicine"},{"subject":"Cell Biology"},{"subject":"Genetics"},{"subject":"Molecular Biology"},{"subject":"Physiology"},{"subject":"Biotechnology"},{"subject":"Ecology"},{"subject":"Immunology"},{"subject":"Cancer"},{"subject":"Mental Health"},{"subject":"Computational Biology"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2026-09-22","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2026-09-22","dateType":"Updated"},{"date":"2026-09-21","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"schemaOrg":"Collection","resourceTypeGeneral":"Collection","citeproc":"article","bibtex":"misc","ris":"GEN","resourceType":"Collection"},"relatedIdentifiers":[],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":[],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0"}],"descriptions":[{"descriptionType":"Abstract","description":"Abstract Background The incidence of severe pulmonary hypertension associated with a valvular heart disease in pregnancy is very rare. This patient may have presented with different defects like Eisenmneger syndrome, systematic- to-pulmonary shunts, and other defects. This case report contributes to the existing literature by providing insight into the perioperative anesthetic management of early first - trimester pregnant patient with severe pulmonary hypertension and mixed valvular heart disease who presented with perforated appendicitis. Case presentation We report a 26-year-old woman in early pregnancy presenting with abdominal pain diagnosed as perforated appendicitis. She had a history of palpitations, shortness of breath, orthopnea, fatigue, and chest pain at exertion prior to this complaint. She had a grade II holosystolic murmur at the second intercostal space and apex but no radiating on cardiac examination. Echocardiography revealed severe pulmonary hypertension (estimated pulmonary artery pressure 91 mmHg) with mixed valvular heart disease (moderate mitral stenosis, severe mitral regurgitation, mild aortic regurgitation, and mild-to-moderate tricuspid regurgitation. Conclusion General anesthesia effectively managed severe pulmonary hypertension and mixed valvular heart disease using etomidate (0.3 mg/kg), balanced with opioids, and minimizing airway stimulation with 1% lidocaine and midazolam before intubation."}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"url":"https://springernature.figshare.com/collections/Perioperative_anesthetic_management_of_perforated_appendicitis_in_a_pregnant_patient_with_severe_pulmonary_hypertension_a_rare_case_report/8729040","contentUrl":null,"metadataVersion":0,"schemaVersion":"http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4","source":"mds","isActive":true,"state":"findable","reason":null,"viewCount":0,"downloadCount":0,"referenceCount":0,"citationCount":0,"partCount":0,"partOfCount":0,"versionCount":0,"versionOfCount":0,"created":"2026-09-22T03:55:30Z","registered":"2026-09-22T04:23:08Z","published":null,"updated":"2026-09-22T04:23:09Z"},"relationships":{"client":{"data":{"id":"figshare.ars","type":"clients"}}}},{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8729051.v1","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8729051.v1","identifiers":[],"creators":[{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"The Open University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Michael C.","familyName":"Macey","name":"Michael C. Macey","nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID","schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1800-0469"}]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"The Open University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Velislava","familyName":"Ilieva","name":"Velislava Ilieva","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"The Open University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Ben P.","familyName":"Stephens","name":"Ben P. Stephens","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"The Open University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Benjamin","familyName":"Tatton","name":"Benjamin Tatton","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04r15fz20","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"Hawassa University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"},{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02psd9228","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"Addis Ababa Science and Technology University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Ermias","familyName":"Balcha","name":"Ermias Balcha","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"The Open University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Susanne P.","familyName":"Schwenzer","name":"Susanne P. Schwenzer","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"University of Essex","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Terry J.","familyName":"McGenity","name":"Terry J. McGenity","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04bpyvy69","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"Mekelle University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Hagos","familyName":"Miruts","name":"Hagos Miruts","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/038szmr31","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"Centro de Astrobiología","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Felipe","familyName":"Gomez","name":"Felipe Gomez","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"University of Bologna","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Barbara","familyName":"Cavalazzi","name":"Barbara Cavalazzi","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"The Open University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Karen","familyName":"Olsson-Francis","name":"Karen Olsson-Francis","nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Metagenomic insights into the taxonomic and metabolic diversity of the microbiome of Lake Karum in the Danakil Depression, Ethiopia"}],"publisher":"figshare","container":{},"publicationYear":2026,"subjects":[{"subject":"Microbiology"},{"subject":"Genetics"},{"subject":"Geochemistry"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2026-09-22","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2026-09-22","dateType":"Updated"},{"date":"2026-07-30","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"schemaOrg":"Collection","resourceTypeGeneral":"Collection","citeproc":"article","bibtex":"misc","ris":"GEN","resourceType":"Collection"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsIdenticalTo","relatedIdentifier":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8729051","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":[],"formats":[],"version":"1","rightsList":[{"rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0"}],"descriptions":[{"descriptionType":"Abstract","description":"Abstract Background Hypersaline environments are dynamic ecosystems, the chemistry of which is significantly influenced by climate change, which in turn impacts the microbiota and biogeochemical processes. This study investigates the microbiome of Lake Karum, a hypersaline lake in the Danakil Depression, Ethiopia, with a particular focus on genome-based potential of climate-relevant biogeochemical processes. Results The microbiomes of Lake Karum sediments and waters were dominated by halophilic Archaea (Halobacteriota) and Bacteria (Bacteroidota, Pseudomonadota, and Cyanobacteriota), with significant variation in community composition among sites, reflecting geochemical heterogeneity. Despite these taxonomic differences, sediment and water metagenomes exhibited broadly overlapping functional gene profiles. Genes involved in denitrification, carbon monoxide oxidation, osmotic stress tolerance, and utilisation of osmolytes were widespread and predominantly affiliated with Halobacteriales, indicating their pivotal role in nitrogen and carbon cycling. Genome‑resolved analyses revealed substantial intrageneric variation in metabolic potential within dominant halobacterial lineages as well as bacterial candidate phyla, including Candidatus Bipolaricaulota and Candidatus Salsurabacteriota, which encode genes linked to trace-gas metabolism and nitrogen cycling. Notably, a high‑quality metagenome‑assembled genome assigned to the Candidatus Salsurabacteriota was recovered that possesses novel combinations of functional genes not previously reported for this lineage. Conclusion This study provides a comprehensive genome‑resolved assessment of the taxonomic and functional diversity of the Lake Karum microbiome and identifies microbial taxa with the potential to drive key carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling processes in a hypersaline lake. By revealing previously unrecognised metabolic capabilities within bacterial candidate phyla and highlighting intrageneric functional heterogeneity among dominant halophilic Archaea, this work advances understanding of how hypersaline microbial communities contribute to biogeochemical cycling in extreme environments."}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"url":"https://springernature.figshare.com/collections/Metagenomic_insights_into_the_taxonomic_and_metabolic_diversity_of_the_microbiome_of_Lake_Karum_in_the_Danakil_Depression_Ethiopia/8729051/1","contentUrl":null,"metadataVersion":0,"schemaVersion":"http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4","source":"mds","isActive":true,"state":"findable","reason":null,"viewCount":0,"downloadCount":0,"referenceCount":0,"citationCount":0,"partCount":0,"partOfCount":0,"versionCount":0,"versionOfCount":0,"created":"2026-09-22T04:00:24Z","registered":"2026-09-22T04:23:06Z","published":null,"updated":"2026-09-22T04:23:07Z"},"relationships":{"client":{"data":{"id":"figshare.ars","type":"clients"}}}},{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8729040.v1","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8729040.v1","identifiers":[],"creators":[{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04zte5g15","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"Madawalabu University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Tesfaye Asefa","familyName":"Hordofa","name":"Tesfaye Asefa Hordofa","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04zte5g15","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"Madawalabu University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Dinku Tsegaye","familyName":"Urji","name":"Dinku Tsegaye Urji","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04zte5g15","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"Madawalabu University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Kelil Musa","familyName":"Nerso","name":"Kelil Musa Nerso","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04r15fz20","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"Hawassa University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Tajera Tageza","familyName":"Ilala","name":"Tajera Tageza Ilala","nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Perioperative anesthetic management of perforated appendicitis in a pregnant patient with severe pulmonary hypertension: a rare case report"}],"publisher":"figshare","container":{},"publicationYear":2026,"subjects":[{"subject":"Medicine"},{"subject":"Cell Biology"},{"subject":"Genetics"},{"subject":"Molecular Biology"},{"subject":"Physiology"},{"subject":"Biotechnology"},{"subject":"Ecology"},{"subject":"Immunology"},{"subject":"Cancer"},{"subject":"Mental Health"},{"subject":"Computational Biology"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2026-09-22","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2026-09-22","dateType":"Updated"},{"date":"2026-09-21","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"schemaOrg":"Collection","resourceTypeGeneral":"Collection","citeproc":"article","bibtex":"misc","ris":"GEN","resourceType":"Collection"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsIdenticalTo","relatedIdentifier":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8729040","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":[],"formats":[],"version":"1","rightsList":[{"rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0"}],"descriptions":[{"descriptionType":"Abstract","description":"Abstract Background The incidence of severe pulmonary hypertension associated with a valvular heart disease in pregnancy is very rare. This patient may have presented with different defects like Eisenmneger syndrome, systematic- to-pulmonary shunts, and other defects. This case report contributes to the existing literature by providing insight into the perioperative anesthetic management of early first - trimester pregnant patient with severe pulmonary hypertension and mixed valvular heart disease who presented with perforated appendicitis. Case presentation We report a 26-year-old woman in early pregnancy presenting with abdominal pain diagnosed as perforated appendicitis. She had a history of palpitations, shortness of breath, orthopnea, fatigue, and chest pain at exertion prior to this complaint. She had a grade II holosystolic murmur at the second intercostal space and apex but no radiating on cardiac examination. Echocardiography revealed severe pulmonary hypertension (estimated pulmonary artery pressure 91 mmHg) with mixed valvular heart disease (moderate mitral stenosis, severe mitral regurgitation, mild aortic regurgitation, and mild-to-moderate tricuspid regurgitation. Conclusion General anesthesia effectively managed severe pulmonary hypertension and mixed valvular heart disease using etomidate (0.3 mg/kg), balanced with opioids, and minimizing airway stimulation with 1% lidocaine and midazolam before intubation."}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"url":"https://springernature.figshare.com/collections/Perioperative_anesthetic_management_of_perforated_appendicitis_in_a_pregnant_patient_with_severe_pulmonary_hypertension_a_rare_case_report/8729040/1","contentUrl":null,"metadataVersion":0,"schemaVersion":"http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4","source":"mds","isActive":true,"state":"findable","reason":null,"viewCount":0,"downloadCount":0,"referenceCount":0,"citationCount":0,"partCount":0,"partOfCount":0,"versionCount":0,"versionOfCount":0,"created":"2026-09-22T04:23:06Z","registered":"2026-09-22T04:23:07Z","published":null,"updated":"2026-09-22T04:23:07Z"},"relationships":{"client":{"data":{"id":"figshare.ars","type":"clients"}}}},{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33961157","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33961157","identifiers":[],"creators":[{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"The Open University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Michael C.","familyName":"Macey","name":"Michael C. Macey","nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID","schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1800-0469"}]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"The Open University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Velislava","familyName":"Ilieva","name":"Velislava Ilieva","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"The Open University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Ben P.","familyName":"Stephens","name":"Ben P. Stephens","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"The Open University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Benjamin","familyName":"Tatton","name":"Benjamin Tatton","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04r15fz20","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"Hawassa University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"},{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02psd9228","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"Addis Ababa Science and Technology University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Ermias","familyName":"Balcha","name":"Ermias Balcha","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"The Open University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Susanne P.","familyName":"Schwenzer","name":"Susanne P. Schwenzer","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"University of Essex","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Terry J.","familyName":"McGenity","name":"Terry J. 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Despite the availability of modifiable risk factors and cost effective interventions, data on incidence of mortality of preterm neonates in the study area is lacking. Generating local data is essential to inform tailored interventions, strengthen neonatal care services, and support national efforts to reduce neonatal mortality. Objective To assess incidence and predictors of mortality among preterm neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Wallaga University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Nekemte Town, Oromia, Ethiopia, from July 1, 2022, to June 30, 2024. Methods An institution-based retrospective cohort study was conducted among 264 preterm neonates admitted to the NICU from July 1, 2022 to June 30, 2024 and study subjects were selected using systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured checklist, key variables including ANC follow up, place of delivery, gestational age, and birth weight were extracted from medical records. Data entered via EpiData version 4.6, and subsequently analyzed using STATA version 14.0. The Cox proportional hazards model assumption was checked. A bivariable Cox regression analysis was fitted and those variable with p \u0026lt; 0.2 were included in the multivariable analysis. Finally, statistical significance was declared at a p-value \u0026lt; 0.05. Results Of the 259 preterm neonates included in the study, 42 died during the follow-up period, with an incidence proportion of 16.2%. The median survival time was 28 days (IQR: 22–30), with a total follow-up of 2,737 neonate-days. The overall incidence rate of mortality was 15.3 per 1,000 neonate-days (95% CI: 11.3–20.7). In the multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, lack of ANC follow-up (AHR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.13–4.57), home delivery (AHR: 7.74; 95% CI: 1.99–30.03), and neonatal hypothermia (AHR: 4.11; 95% CI: 1.55–10.85) were significantly associated with increased risk of mortality, while antenatal steroid use reduced the risk of death by 56% (AHR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.21–0.92). Conclusion and recommendation Lack of ANC follow-up, home delivery, and neonatal hypothermia were significant predictors of preterm neonatal mortality, while antenatal steroid use reduced the risk of death. Strengthening antenatal care utilization, promoting institutional delivery, improving thermal care, and ensuring appropriate antenatal corticosteroid administration may help improve survival among preterm neonates."}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"url":"https://springernature.figshare.com/collections/Incidence_and_predictors_of_mortality_among_preterm_neonates_admitted_to_the_neonatal_intensive_care_unit_of_Wallaga_University_Comprehensive_Specialized_Hospital_Nekemte_Town_East_Wallaga_Oromia_Ethiopia_a_retrospective_cohort_study/8645432","contentUrl":null,"metadataVersion":1,"schemaVersion":"http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4","source":"mds","isActive":true,"state":"findable","reason":null,"viewCount":0,"downloadCount":0,"referenceCount":0,"citationCount":0,"partCount":0,"partOfCount":0,"versionCount":0,"versionOfCount":0,"created":"2026-08-11T05:24:15Z","registered":"2026-08-11T05:24:15Z","published":null,"updated":"2026-09-22T03:56:20Z"},"relationships":{"client":{"data":{"id":"figshare.ars","type":"clients"}}}},{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8645432.v1","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8645432.v1","identifiers":[],"creators":[{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04ahz4692","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"Dilla University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}],"givenName":"Minase","familyName":"Abera","name":"Minase Abera","nameIdentifiers":[]},{"givenName":"Fikadu","familyName":"Enkosa","name":"Fikadu Enkosa","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"givenName":"Emiru","familyName":"Merdassa","name":"Emiru Merdassa","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Incidence and predictors of mortality among preterm neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Wallaga University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Nekemte Town, East Wallaga, Oromia, Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study"}],"publisher":"figshare","container":{},"publicationYear":2026,"subjects":[{"subject":"Medicine"},{"subject":"Biotechnology"},{"subject":"Developmental Biology"},{"subject":"Cancer"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2026-08-11","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2026-09-22","dateType":"Updated"},{"date":"2026-06-03","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"schemaOrg":"Collection","resourceTypeGeneral":"Collection","citeproc":"article","bibtex":"misc","ris":"GEN","resourceType":"Collection"},"relatedIdentifiers":[],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":[],"formats":[],"version":"1","rightsList":[{"rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0"}],"descriptions":[{"descriptionType":"Abstract","description":"Abstract Background Preterm neonatal mortality remains a major public health challenge worldwide. Despite the availability of modifiable risk factors and cost effective interventions, data on incidence of mortality of preterm neonates in the study area is lacking. Generating local data is essential to inform tailored interventions, strengthen neonatal care services, and support national efforts to reduce neonatal mortality. Objective To assess incidence and predictors of mortality among preterm neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Wallaga University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Nekemte Town, Oromia, Ethiopia, from July 1, 2022, to June 30, 2024. Methods An institution-based retrospective cohort study was conducted among 264 preterm neonates admitted to the NICU from July 1, 2022 to June 30, 2024 and study subjects were selected using systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured checklist, key variables including ANC follow up, place of delivery, gestational age, and birth weight were extracted from medical records. Data entered via EpiData version 4.6, and subsequently analyzed using STATA version 14.0. The Cox proportional hazards model assumption was checked. A bivariable Cox regression analysis was fitted and those variable with p \u0026lt; 0.2 were included in the multivariable analysis. Finally, statistical significance was declared at a p-value \u0026lt; 0.05. Results Of the 259 preterm neonates included in the study, 42 died during the follow-up period, with an incidence proportion of 16.2%. The median survival time was 28 days (IQR: 22–30), with a total follow-up of 2,737 neonate-days. The overall incidence rate of mortality was 15.3 per 1,000 neonate-days (95% CI: 11.3–20.7). In the multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, lack of ANC follow-up (AHR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.13–4.57), home delivery (AHR: 7.74; 95% CI: 1.99–30.03), and neonatal hypothermia (AHR: 4.11; 95% CI: 1.55–10.85) were significantly associated with increased risk of mortality, while antenatal steroid use reduced the risk of death by 56% (AHR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.21–0.92). Conclusion and recommendation Lack of ANC follow-up, home delivery, and neonatal hypothermia were significant predictors of preterm neonatal mortality, while antenatal steroid use reduced the risk of death. Strengthening antenatal care utilization, promoting institutional delivery, improving thermal care, and ensuring appropriate antenatal corticosteroid administration may help improve survival among preterm neonates."}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"url":"https://springernature.figshare.com/collections/Incidence_and_predictors_of_mortality_among_preterm_neonates_admitted_to_the_neonatal_intensive_care_unit_of_Wallaga_University_Comprehensive_Specialized_Hospital_Nekemte_Town_East_Wallaga_Oromia_Ethiopia_a_retrospective_cohort_study/8645432/1","contentUrl":null,"metadataVersion":1,"schemaVersion":"http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4","source":"mds","isActive":true,"state":"findable","reason":null,"viewCount":0,"downloadCount":0,"referenceCount":0,"citationCount":0,"partCount":0,"partOfCount":0,"versionCount":0,"versionOfCount":0,"created":"2026-08-11T06:23:08Z","registered":"2026-08-11T06:23:09Z","published":null,"updated":"2026-09-22T03:56:20Z"},"relationships":{"client":{"data":{"id":"figshare.ars","type":"clients"}}}},{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33202904.v2","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33202904.v2","identifiers":[],"creators":[{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04ahz4692","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"Dilla 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This study investigates the microbiome of Lake Karum, a hypersaline lake in the Danakil Depression, Ethiopia, with a particular focus on genome-based potential of climate-relevant biogeochemical processes. Results The microbiomes of Lake Karum sediments and waters were dominated by halophilic Archaea (Halobacteriota) and Bacteria (Bacteroidota, Pseudomonadota, and Cyanobacteriota), with significant variation in community composition among sites, reflecting geochemical heterogeneity. Despite these taxonomic differences, sediment and water metagenomes exhibited broadly overlapping functional gene profiles. Genes involved in denitrification, carbon monoxide oxidation, osmotic stress tolerance, and utilisation of osmolytes were widespread and predominantly affiliated with Halobacteriales, indicating their pivotal role in nitrogen and carbon cycling. Genome‑resolved analyses revealed substantial intrageneric variation in metabolic potential within dominant halobacterial lineages as well as bacterial candidate phyla, including Candidatus Bipolaricaulota and Candidatus Salsurabacteriota, which encode genes linked to trace-gas metabolism and nitrogen cycling. Notably, a high‑quality metagenome‑assembled genome assigned to the Candidatus Salsurabacteriota was recovered that possesses novel combinations of functional genes not previously reported for this lineage. Conclusion This study provides a comprehensive genome‑resolved assessment of the taxonomic and functional diversity of the Lake Karum microbiome and identifies microbial taxa with the potential to drive key carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling processes in a hypersaline lake. By revealing previously unrecognised metabolic capabilities within bacterial candidate phyla and highlighting intrageneric functional heterogeneity among dominant halophilic Archaea, this work advances understanding of how hypersaline microbial communities contribute to biogeochemical cycling in extreme environments."}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"url":"https://springernature.figshare.com/collections/Metagenomic_insights_into_the_taxonomic_and_metabolic_diversity_of_the_microbiome_of_Lake_Karum_in_the_Danakil_Depression_Ethiopia/8729051","contentUrl":null,"metadataVersion":0,"schemaVersion":"http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4","source":"mds","isActive":true,"state":"findable","reason":null,"viewCount":0,"downloadCount":0,"referenceCount":0,"citationCount":0,"partCount":0,"partOfCount":0,"versionCount":0,"versionOfCount":0,"created":"2026-09-22T03:55:46Z","registered":"2026-09-22T03:55:47Z","published":null,"updated":"2026-09-22T03:55:47Z"},"relationships":{"client":{"data":{"id":"figshare.ars","type":"clients"}}}},{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33961140.v1","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33961140.v1","identifiers":[],"creators":[{"affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04zte5g15","schemeUri":"https://ror.org/","name":"Madawalabu 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