10.5061/DRYAD.SQ72D
Reeves, Mari K.
University of California, Davis
Perdue, Margaret
Holyoak, Marcel
University of California, Davis
Hagedorn, Birgit
Rinella, Daniel
Bogan, Daniel
Munk, LeeAnn
Battaglin, William
Dolph, Christine L.
University of Minnesota
Trust, Kimberly A.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Data from: Multiple stressors and the cause of amphibian abnormalities
Dryad
dataset
2014
Trichoptera
amphibian
Amphipoda
Lithobates sylvaticus
frog
lentic
malformation
DOC
Invertebrate
Hemiptera
Branchiopoda
disease
Ephemeroptera
wetland
metal
Annelida
2010-2012
anion
Arachnida
Water quality
2000-2012
abnormality
present
Diptera
2014-09-29T20:28:08Z
2014-09-29T20:28:08Z
en
https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0879.1
85416057 bytes
2
CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication
The repeated occurrence of abnormal amphibians in nature points to
ecological imbalance, yet identifying causes of these abnormalities has
proved complex. Multiple studies have linked amphibian abnormalities to
chemically contaminated areas, but inference about causal mechanisms is
lacking. Here we use a high incidence of abnormalities in Alaskan wood
frogs to strengthen inference about the mechanism for these abnormalities.
We suggest that limb abnormalities are caused by a combination of multiple
stressors. Specifically, toxicants lead to increased predation, resulting
in more injuries to developing limbs and subsequent developmental
malformations. We evaluated a variety of putative causes of frog
abnormalities at 21 wetlands on the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge,
south-central Alaska, USA, between 2004 and 2006. Variables investigated
were organic and inorganic contaminants, parasite infection, abundance of
predatory invertebrates, UVB, and temperature. Logistic regression and
model comparison using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) identified
dragonflies and both organic and inorganic contaminants as predictors of
the frequency of skeletal abnormalities. We suggest that both predators
and contaminants alter ecosystem dynamics to increase the frequency of
amphibian abnormalities in contaminated habitat. Future experiments should
test the causal mechanisms by which toxicants and predators may interact
to cause amphibian limb abnormalities.
AnalyticAttributesDescriptions and comments about samples logged by field
personnel at the time of sample collection. Some location information for
snow transect samples.AnalyticResultsFile provides analytical chemistry
information for metals, anions, and organic carbon concentrations in
wetland water, sediment, tadpole tissue, and soil, dust, and snow
collected on transects from roads adjacent to the wetlands from
2010-2012.DryadRevisedAnalyticResults.v2.csvBreedingMetamorphicDatesThis
file details the first observed date of egg mass deposition and the date
of metamorphosis. Sites were monitored approximately once per two weeks to
provide these dates. Additional site monitoring data is provided in other
data files.ConductivityFile provides information from 6 wetlands
instrumented with continuous specific conductance loggers. Wetland
position can be obtained in the "SiteLocation" file and road
traffic and distance are in the "RoadsInfo"
file.FrogAbnormalitiesInformation on abnormalities, size, and
developmental stage for the over 9,000 frogs examined for abnormalities on
the Kenai Peninsula from 2000 through 2012.FrogDevelopmentThis table
describes each site visit during the follow up study to the published
study, whether frogs were found and what developmental stage they were,
and how much time was spent assessing the site and performing the frog
survey.HabitatThis data set includes habitat data that were collected from
2010-2012.InvertThis file contains data on the invertebrate community
composition for lentic wetlands sampled to determine the effects of roads
on water quality and the invertebrate community.invert.csvRoadsInfoThis
file contains the measured distance from each wetland to the nearest road
and whether the road was paved or gravel.SiteEventsFile describes
observations from site visits made to measure water chemistry, water
quality, and amphibian development between 2010 and 2012.SiteLocationsFile
provides locations of all sites sampled for amphibians or water quality on
the Kenai Peninsula, AK between 2000 and 2012.Temperature DataContains
temperature data from deep and shallow loggers programmed to record hourly
during the summer months. When loggers were out of water or data were
otherwise suspect, data were deleted. Please see TemperatureAnomalies.csv
file for issues with loggers and their resolution when dates are missing
from the Temperature.csv file.Temperature.csvWaterQualityThis table
describes water quality information collected with a YSI sonde and by
field observers during each site visit. See “Methods.txt” file for more
information on field data collection methodology.WetlandDepthVolumeThe
WetlandDepthVolume.csv data set includes wetland depth and area data that
were collected for 36 sites between 2010 and 2012 to follow up on the
published study.ANC_WQ_STUDY_2009This file contains information on a study
from 2009, which was a follow-up to the published study and a pre-cursor
to data shared in this submission. The study title was: Storm Water
Runoff: What effects do best management practices (BMPs) and storm events
have on water quality in wetlands in the Anchorage Bowl? More information
about the study is included in the readme
file.AnchorageRawSedWaterResultsMethodsQCThis file includes information
about laboratory methods and quality control information for the Anchorage
water quality study data included in this
submission.AnchorageSampleLogThis file contains Information about the
sites sampled for the Anchorage Water Quality Pilot Study and provides a
join field to the “SiteLocations.csv” file, which provides the latitude
and longitude for each site included in this data
submission.AnchorageSedimentMetalsThe “AnchorageSedimentMetals.csv” file
provides metals concentrations in sediment for the Anchorage 2009 study.
These are metals data analyzed by ICP/MS and are sediment digest samples,
and are comparable to the sediment samples from the Kenai data set, based
on the methods used. Further information regarding quality control, and
analytical lab methodology can be found in the file:
“AnchorageRawSedWaterResultsMethodsQC.pdf”, included with this data
submission.AnchorageWaterMetalsThe “AnchorageWaterMetals.csv” file
provides metals concentrations in sediment for the Anchorage 2009 study.
These are metals data analyzed by ICP/MS and are unfiltered water samples,
and are comparable to the samples labeled as sample type, “total” from the
Kenai data set, based on the methods
used.Kenai_Roads_AmphibianAbnormalities_ClimateChange_ProposalA follow up
study to the published study was conducted. This document is the proposal
under which the data collection for this submission was funded.
Unfortunately the data were not analyzed due to federal budget cuts, but
we wanted to share the data and the proposed analyses with the
public.BDFilterResultsBDFilterResults.csv data set includes information on
222 water filters that were analyzed for Bd (Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis), a chytrid fungus that can cause chytridiomycosis in
amphibians. Samaples were analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey using
methods similar to those described in Kirshtein et al.,
2007.WaterQualityBDFilters“WaterQualityBDFilters.csv” – This table
describes water quality information collected with a YSI sonde concurrent
with sampling for Batrachochytrium dendrobaditis in water. See
“Methods.txt” file for more information on field data collection
methodology.Site SelectionThis is a text file documenting the site
selection procedures for the project. This information is also included
with figures and tables in the "DataSummaryReport.pdf"
document.Field methodsText contained in this document is repeated with
maps and other figures in the “DataSummaryReport.pdf” file included with
this data submission. This file describes field methods in a .txt format
to ensure readability in multiple computer formats.ListOfFilesContains a
brief description of all files included in this data submission.Project
Data Summary ReportThis report provides background on the project, a full
summary of site selection and field methods (with maps and figures), and a
summary of the information contained in each data file included with this
submission.7N26_Roads_AmphibianAbnormalities_ClimateChangeFinal.pdf2010
Kenai Chemistry Analysis Pilot Year SummaryThis document describes the
results of preliminary analyses conducted after the 2010 pilot year of the
study. These results were used to determine the sampling design for 36
sites in 2011 and 2012.2010 Kenai Chemistry Analysis
Summary.pdfTemperature_AnomoliesProvides dates, issues, and resolution
when temperature loggers included in the Temperature.csv file were out of
water or otherwise malfunctioning. If blocks of data are missing from the
Temperature.csv file, check here for dates.
USA
Kenai Peninsula
AK