10.5061/DRYAD.QNK98SFGZ
Anderson, Donovan
0000-0001-6716-4059
University of Tsukuba
Negishi, Yuki
Fukushima University
Ishiniwa, Hiroko
Fukushima University
Okuda, Kei
Hiroshima Shudo University
Hinton, Thomas
Norwegian University of Life Sciences
Toma, Rio
Fukushima University
Nagata, Junco
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
Tamate, Hidetoshi
Yamagata University
Kaneko, Shingo
Fukushima University
Introgression dynamics from invasive pigs into wild boar following the
March 2011 natural and anthropogenic disasters at Fukushima
Dryad
dataset
2021
Ecology, hybrid introgression, short tandem repeat (STR), wild boar
Nippon Life Insurance Foundation
http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010233
The Research Council of Norway
https://ror.org/00epmv149
223268/F50
2021-06-30T00:00:00Z
2021-06-30T00:00:00Z
en
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0874
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910526
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CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication
Natural and anthropogenic disasters have the capability to cause sudden
extrinsic environmental changes and long-lasting perturbations including
invasive species, species expansion, and influence evolution as selective
pressures force adaption. Such disasters occurred on March 11th 2011, in
Fukushima, Japan when an earthquake, tsunami, and meltdown of a nuclear
power plant all drastically reformed anthropogenic land use. Here, we
demonstrate, using genetic data, how wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax)
have persevered against these environmental changes, including an invasion
of escaped domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). Concurrently, we show
evidence of successful hybridization between pigs and native wild boar in
this area, however in future offspring, the pig legacy has been diluted
through time. We speculate that the range expansion dynamics inhibit
long-term introgression and introgressed alleles will continue to decrease
at each generation while only maternally inherited organelles will
persist. Using the gene flow data among wild boar, we assume that
offspring from hybrid lineages will continue dispersal north at low
frequencies as climates warm. We conclude that future risks for wild boar
in this area include intraspecies competition, revitalization of human
related disruptions, and disease outbreaks.
The wild boar muscle samples used were collected from 191 wild boar, all
of which were morphologically identified as typical wild boar in Japan,
captured in or nearby the Fukushima evacuated zone from 2015 to 2018.
Additional wild boar samples from the period prior to the 2011
evacuations, were provided by prefectural hunters, which included 25
muscle samples from a wild boar population in Ibaraki Prefecture, south of
Fukushima Prefecture; 10 muscle samples from Yamagata Prefecture and seven
muscle samples from Miyagi Prefecture, both north of Fukushima Prefecture.
GPS coordinates, sex, and estimated age based on tooth erosion patterns
were recorded at the trap sites prior to sampling. Additionally, the birth
period of wild boar was approximated using sampling year and age data. Ten
pig muscle samples were obtained from a Fukushima pig slaughterhouse or
purchased from a Fukushima prefectural meat market in 2016. In total, 243
samples were assayed for this study. All samples were stored individually
at −20 °C in 99.5% ethanol until DNA extraction. Total genomic DNA was
extracted using the Gentra PureGene Blood & Tissue kit (QIAGEN,
CA, USA), according to manufacturer’s instructions. All data were
collected via common practices and genetic analysis: Mitochondrial
DNA. The mtDNA sequences provide material lineage information and can be
used to identify wild boar with pig maternal ancestry for many distant
generations. The mtDNA sequences were obtained from previous literature
for all samples in this study (Anderson et al. 2019, Nagata et
al. 2006) In brief, the mtDNA control region was successfully amplified
and partial sequences (713-bp) were determined from all samples. DNA
sequencing data was viewed from FinchTV chromatogram viewer version 1.5.0
(Geospiza Inc., WA, USA). Nuclear microsatellites. Nuclear microsatellite
(STR) data were analyzed to determine the genetic structure of wild boar
and the extent of domestic pig introgression into the local wild boar
population. A total of 24 STR loci were selected and genotyped for our
study populations based on the allele frequencies and the amplification
for each of these markers in pure species individuals (see Anderson et
al. 2020). All 24 markers were developed by previous studies Rohrer et al.
1994, Krause et al. 2002, Karlskov-Mortensen et al. 2007; and recommended
by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations database.
All samples were analyzed as described in Anderson et al. 2020. In brief,
PCR amplification was performed in 5 μL reactions using the QIAGEN
Multiplex PCR Kit (QIAGEN, CA, USA) and a protocol for fluorescent
dye-label [34]. Each sample reaction contained 10 to 20 ng of genomic
template DNA, 2.5 μL of Multiplex PCR Master Mix, 0.1 μM of forward
primer, 0.2 μM of reverse primer, and 0.1 μM of fluorescently labeled
primer. Product sizes were determined using an ABI PRISM 3130 Genetic
Analyzer and GeneMapper software (Applied Biosystems, MA, USA).
Please see the associated manucript, and Supplement, uploaded here and
available from PRSB when the paper is published. How the datasets were
used, and replicable analyses can be done. We recommend that future
studies use this data to assess the fitness of these hybrids (wild boar x
pig) and better characterize their ecological niche using range expansion
models and their ecological interactions.