10.5061/DRYAD.B80F6
Cheeke, Tanya E.
Indiana University Bloomington
Portland State University
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Schütte, Ursel M.
University of Alaska Fairbanks
Indiana University Bloomington
Hemmerich, Chris M.
Indiana University Bloomington
Cruzan, Mitchell B.
Portland State University
Rosenstiel, Todd N.
Portland State University
Bever, James D.
Indiana University Bloomington
Data from: Spatial soil heterogeneity has a greater effect on symbiotic
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities and plant growth than genetic
modification with Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes
Dryad
dataset
2015
Biotechnology
Zea mays
Microbial Biology
Species interactions
Glomeromycota
Genetically modified organisms
2015-03-31T14:53:47Z
2015-03-31T14:53:47Z
en
https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13178
12121956 bytes
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CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication
Maize, genetically modified with the insect toxin genes of Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt), is widely cultivated, yet its impacts on soil
organisms are poorly understood. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form
symbiotic associations with plant roots and may be uniquely sensitive to
genetic changes within a plant host. In this field study, the effects of
nine different lines of Bt maize and their corresponding non-Bt parental
isolines were evaluated on AMF colonization and community diversity in
plant roots. Plants were harvested 60 days after sowing, and data were
collected on plant growth and per cent AMF colonization of roots. AMF
community composition in roots was assessed using 454 pyrosequencing of
the 28S rRNA genes, and spatial variation in mycorrhizal communities
within replicated experimental field plots was examined. Growth responses,
per cent AMF colonization of roots and AMF community diversity in roots
did not differ between Bt and non-Bt maize, but root and shoot biomass and
per cent colonization by arbuscules varied by maize cultivar. Plot
identity had the most significant effect on plant growth, AMF colonization
and AMF community composition in roots, indicating spatial heterogeneity
in the field. Mycorrhizal fungal communities in maize roots were
autocorrelated within approximately 1 m, but at greater distances, AMF
community composition of roots differed between plants. Our findings
indicate that spatial variation and heterogeneity in the field has a
greater effect on the structure of AMF communities than host plant
cultivar or modification by Bt toxin genes.
Table S1 Soil dataPercent organic matter (OM), pH, and soil nitrogen (N)
and phosphorus (P) data collected from field plots (Corvallis, OR, USA).
One composite sample was collected per plot and air-dried soils were
analyzed for nutrients and soil properties at Indiana University.Table S2
MaarjAM OTU IDsArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Family, Genus, Species) in
roots of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and non-Bt maize cultivated in a
field experiment (Corvallis, Oregon, USA). Closest matching (97%
nucleotide sequence identity) accession numbers were obtained via BLAST
searches in the MaarjAM reference sequence
database(http://maarjam.botany.ut.ee/). The accession numbers are linked
to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).Table S3
Growth AMF data_all plotsData file of growth response and percent root
colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt) maize plants and their non-Bt parental isolines
harvested from a field experiment 60 days after sowing (Corvallis, OR,
USA). Data were collected from a total of 360 plants in 20 replicate field
plots. The Legend, which provides information pertaining to each column
heading, is located on the second sheet of the Excel file.Table S4 Growth
AMF and OTU data_molecular plotsData file of growth responses, percent
root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and operational
taxonomic units (OTU) obtained by 454 pyrosequencing for Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt) maize and non-Bt parental isolines harvested from a
subset of five plots in a field experiment 60 days after sowing
(Corvallis, OR, USA). The X,Y coordinates (cm) for each plant were used in
the analysis of spatial variability of AMF communities (Mantel
Correlogram; Fig. 4). The Legend, which provides information pertaining to
each column heading, is located on the second sheet of the Excel
file.Figure S1 Plot LayoutPlot layout of a field experiment conducted from
June through August 2011 (Corvallis, OR, USA) to test the effects of
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and non-Bt maize on the colonization ability
and community diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in roots.
Each plot measured 1 m by 1.2 m in size and there was a 1 m unplanted
border around all plots. Each plot contained 20 plants (14 different
cultivars B1-B9 and P1-P5) and each Bt cultivar was sown next to its
non-Bt parental (P) isoline. Corresponding Bt/P pairs are indicated in the
plot map as follows: B1/P1 = pink; B2/P2 = yellow; B3/P3 = purple; B4/P4 =
gray; B5/P3 = brown; B6/P2 = green; B7/P5 = red; B8/P5 = blue; and B9/P5 =
orange. Plant IDs followed by a "T" (in white) were used to trap
spores for later experiments and are thus not included in the present
study. Plant growth responses and percent AMF colonization in roots were
recorded for all plants in the experiment (360 plants). Root samples
collected from a subset of plots (2, 8, 10, 14, and 16; outlined in black)
were used for molecular analysis of AMF communities using 454
pyrosequencing (90 plants).Figure S2 Alpha Rarefaction PlotsRarefaction
analysis of AMF communities in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and non-Bt
maize roots from a field experiment (Corvallis, OR, USA). Plots were
generated by Qiime and use the Chao1 metric to measure alpha diversity in
each sample at multiple levels of rarefaction.Alpha Rarefaction
Plots.zipOTU Consensus SequencesFASTA file containing the consensus DNA
sequences for the 143 operational taxonomic units (OTU) generated by
AbundantOTU with a 97% sequence identity cutoff. Taxonomic information for
each sequence is available in Table S2 and the read count for each OTU per
sample is available in Table S4.
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