10.5061/DRYAD.2JM63XSQ6
Chazot, Nicolas
0000-0002-5237-8043
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Blandin, Patrick
National Museum of Natural History
Debat, Vincent
National Museum of Natural History
Elias, Marianne
National Museum of Natural History
Condamine, Fabien
National Museum of Natural History
Punctuational ecological changes rather than global factors drive species
diversification and the evolution of wing phenotypes in Morpho butterflies
Dryad
dataset
2021
FOS: Natural sciences
2021-09-02T00:00:00Z
2021-09-02T00:00:00Z
en
1519871 bytes
3
CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication
Assessing the relative importance of geographical and ecological drivers
of evolution is paramount to understand the diversification of species and
traits at the macroevolutionary scale. Here, we use an integrative
approach, combining phylogenetics, biogeography, ecology, and quantified
phenotypes to investigate the drivers of both species and phenotypic
diversification of the iconic Neotropical butterfly genus Morpho. We
generated a time-calibrated phylogeny for all known species and inferred
historical biogeography. We fitted models of time-dependent (accounting
for rate heterogeneity across the phylogeny) and
paleoenvironment-dependent diversification (accounting for global effect
on the phylogeny). We used geometric morphometrics to assess variation of
wing size and shape across the tree, and investigated their dynamics of
evolution. We found that the diversification of Morpho is best explained
when considering variable diversification rates across the tree, possibly
associated with lineages occupying different microhabitat conditions.
First, a shift from understory to canopy was characterized by an increased
speciation rate partially coupled with an increasing rate of wing shape
evolution. Second, the occupation of dense bamboo thickets accompanying a
major host-plant shift from dicotyledons towards monocotyledons was
associated with a simultaneous diversification rate shift and an
evolutionary “jump” of wing size. Our study points to a diversification
pattern driven by punctuational ecological changes instead of a global
driver or biogeographic history.
Time-calibrated phylogeny: We concatenated DNA data for one mitochondrial
(COI) and four nuclear genes (CAD, EF-1α, GAPDH and MDH). The dataset
includes all Morpho species and multiple Morpho helenor
representatives. We also included 11 outgroups to root and calibrate the
tree. To simultaneously estimate the topology and branching times of the
phylogeny we used a Bayesian relaxed-clock approach as implemented in
BEAST 1.8.2 (Drummond et al., 2012). To choose the best partitioning
strategy and the corresponding substitution models, we ran PartitionFinder
1.1.1 (Lanfear et al., 2012) allowing all possible partitions and models
implemented in BEAST. We implemented an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed
clock model and Yule process for the tree prior. Given the lack of fossils
in the focal clade, we relied on secondary calibrations to calibrate the
molecular clock. We used TreeAnnotator 1.8.2 (Drummond et al., 2012) to
select the maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree with median age values
calculated from the posterior distribution of branch lengths, applying a
20% burn-in. The tree provided here is the resulting MCC tree. Geometric
morphometry: A total of 911 collection specimens of both sexes and
representing all Morpho species were photographed. Wing shape was
described using landmarks and semi-landmarks placed at vein intersections
and wing margins, respectively (see Chazot et al., 2016 for details),
which were superimposed with tpsRelw (Rohlf, 1993). Data provided here are
Procrustes coordinates after the superimposition step.