10.23637/RMS-RMAATEMPANOMALY-1
Sarah Perryman
Sarah
Perryman
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-2754
Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
Tony Scott
Tony
Scott
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6631-0672
Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
Chris Hall
Chris
Hall
Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
Annual Mean Air Temperature Anomaly at Rothamsted 1878-2019
Rothamsted Experimental Station
2020
Rothamsted Research
climate change
weather
meteorological station
weather data
climate
air temperature
temperature
thermometer
Sarah Perryman
Sarah
Perryman
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-2754
Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
Margaret Glendining
Margaret
Glendining
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6466-4629
Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
Andrew Macdonald
Andrew
Macdonald
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4892
Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
Richard Ostler
Richard
Ostler
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1434-9495
Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
Tony Scott
Tony
Scott
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6631-0672
Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
Nathalie Castells
Nathalie
Castells
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0168-6254
Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
Chris Hall
Chris
Hall
Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
2020-07-31
en
10.23637/rms-RMAAtemp-02
https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/station/rms#measurements
https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/station/rms/extreme#documents
10.23637/rms-RMAAtemp-03
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application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
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This work is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Copyright Rothamsted Research
Rothamsted has one of the longest running continuous sets of daily meteorological recordings in the world. Temperature has been measured since 1878. The figure above shows the temperature anomaly in annual mean air temperature (black circles), for years 1878 to 2019, relative to the 1878 to 1920 long-term average, which represents the pre-industrial era. Variation in annual temperature is smoothed using an 11-year (132 month) moving average (red line, which removes solar variability and shorter-term variability such as the Southern Oscillation (Hansen et. al., 2010)). The figure shows that air temperatures have risen sharply since 1987 (Scott, 2015) with annual temperatures, over the last decade, estimated to be between 1.3°C and 1.6°C higher than the pre-industrial period (Hansen. et. al., 2016). Much of the rise is due to increases in temperature during the autumn and winter months, and at night-time.
The mean daily temperature is measured over a 24 hour period 0900 to 0900 GMT and calculated from the daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum temperatures (Tmin); the mean daily temperature = (Tmax + Tmin)/2. For each month the mean air temperature is determined from daily data, also the annual mean air temperature for each year (1878 to 2019). The long-term monthly average and annual average for 1878 to 1920 is also determined. The annual mean temperature anomaly and 132 month (11 year) moving average is determined from these annual and monthly air temperature data using Excel functions.
First recorded in 1878, TMAX was originally recorded using a mercury-in-glass with indicator bar minimum thermometer and TMIN using a spirit-in-glass with indicator bar minimum thermometer, both housed in a naturally aspiring temperature screen. Since 2004, temperatures have been recorded automatically by thermistors (electronic temperature probes, Campbell Scientific, Type 107).
None None For further information about the measurement of temperature at Rothamsted see 'Measurements'. For further information about extreme temperature records at Rothamsted see 'Extremes'.
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000268
BBS/E/C/00005189
The Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments including Sample Archive and e-RA database (2012-2017)
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000268
BBS/E/C/000J0300
The Rothamsted Long - Term Experiments - National Capability (2017-2022)
Rothamsted Met Station
-0.360086
51.806757