{"data":{"id":"10.7272/q66w98b3","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.7272/q66w98b3","prefix":"10.7272","suffix":"q66w98b3","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Qiu, Huiliang","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Huiliang","familyName":"Qiu","affiliation":["University of California, San Francisco"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8625-8974","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Zhang, Hao","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Hao","familyName":"Zhang","affiliation":["University of California, San Francisco"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Han, Daniel","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Daniel","familyName":"Han","affiliation":["University of California, San Francisco"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Derakhshandeh, Ronak","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Ronak","familyName":"Derakhshandeh","affiliation":["University of California, San Francisco"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Wang, Xiaoyin","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Xiaoyin","familyName":"Wang","affiliation":["University of California, San Francisco"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Goyal, Natasha","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Natasha","familyName":"Goyal","affiliation":["University of California, San Francisco"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Navabzadeh, Mina","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Mina","familyName":"Navabzadeh","affiliation":["University of California, San Francisco"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Rao, Poonam","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Poonam","familyName":"Rao","affiliation":["University of California, San Francisco"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Wilson, Emily","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Emily","familyName":"Wilson","affiliation":["University of California, San Francisco"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Mohammadi, Leila","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Leila","familyName":"Mohammadi","affiliation":["University of California, San Francisco"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Olgin, Jeffrey","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Jeffrey","familyName":"Olgin","affiliation":["University of California, San Francisco"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Springer, Matthew","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Matthew","familyName":"Springer","affiliation":["University of California, San Francisco"],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Increased vulnerability to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias caused by different types of inhaled tobacco or marijuana products"}],"publisher":"Dryad","container":{},"publicationYear":2022,"subjects":[{"subject":"FOS: Basic medicine","schemeUri":"https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"fos"},{"subject":"FOS: Basic medicine","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Tobacco","schemeUri":"https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus","subjectScheme":"PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus"},{"subject":"Marijuana","schemeUri":"https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus","subjectScheme":"PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus"},{"subject":"Vaping"},{"subject":"Atrial fibrillation","schemeUri":"https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus","subjectScheme":"PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus"},{"subject":"Ventricular tachycardia"},{"subject":"Heart rate variability"},{"subject":"Arrhythmogenic substrate"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2022-10-11T23:49:04Z","dateType":"Submitted"},{"date":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Issued"},{"date":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Available"}],"language":"en","types":{"ris":"DATA","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"dataset","schemaOrg":"Dataset","resourceType":"dataset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Dataset"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsCitedBy","relatedIdentifier":"10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.09.021","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["277489021469 bytes"],"formats":[],"version":"6","rightsList":[{"rights":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rightsIdentifier":"cc0-1.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Background: The emergence of a plethora of new tobacco products marketed\n as being less harmful than smoking, such as electronic cigarettes and\n heated tobacco products, and an increased popularity of recreational\n marijuana, has raised concerns about the potential cardiovascular risk\n associated with their use. Objective: The present study aimed to\n investigate whether the use of novel tobacco products or marijuana can\n cause the development of proarrhythmic substrate and eventually lead to\n arrhythmias. Methods and results: Rats exposed to smoke from tobacco,\n marijuana, or cannabinoid-depleted marijuana, or to aerosol from\n electronic cigarettes or heated tobacco products, once per day for 8 weeks\n exhibited progressively increased systolic blood pressure, decreased\n cardiac systolic function with chamber dilation, and reduced overall heart\n rate variability, relative to the clean air negative control group. Atrial\n fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia testing by ex vivo optical\n mapping revealed a significantly higher susceptibility to each, with a\n shortened effective refractory period and prolonged calcium transient\n duration. Histological analysis indicated that in all exposure conditions\n except for air, exposure to smoke or aerosol from tobacco or marijuana\n products caused severe fibrosis with decreased microvessel density and a\n higher level of sympathetic nerve innervation. Conclusions: These\n pathophysiological results indicate that tobacco and marijuana products\n can induce arrhythmogenic substrates involved in cardiac electrical,\n structural, and neural remodeling, facilitating the development of\n arrhythmias.","descriptionType":"Abstract"},{"description":"\u003cstrong\u003eAnimals\u003c/strong\u003e.\n Sprague-Dawley rats, 8–10\n weeks old, of both genders, were used for this study. Rats were exposed to one of the following\n products: Marlboro Red tobacco cigarettes (CIG), HTPs (IQOS), e-cigs\n (JUUL, Virginia Tobacco flavor, 5% nicotine), marijuana (MJ, ~10%\n delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)), or “Placebo marijuana” (pb-MJ,\n cannabinoid-depleted\n marijuana, \u0026lt;.01% THC).\n All required federal, state, and institutional approvals for acquisition\n and possession of marijuana and exposure of rodents were obtained.\n Air exposure was used as\n control. Group size was 8–16. \u003cstrong\u003ePathophysiological\n assessments\u003c/strong\u003e.\n Systolic blood pressure, echocardiography, ECG telemetry, arrhythmia\n inducibility testing, and optical mapping were assayed during or after\n exposure as described previously (see Supplemental Materials).\n  We measured conscious SBP by\n tail cuff on the first exposure day and at the end of the 2nd, 4th, 6th,\n and 8th week to determine progressively chronic effects. On each\n measurement day, SBP was measured twice, both before and after that day’s\n single exposure, to determine that day’s acute effect. Eight weeks\n post-exposure, ex vivo heart optical mapping was performed as described\n previously to test the susceptibility to arrhythmias originating from left\n and right atria and ventricles and to evaluate their electrophysiological\n characteristics. The APD at\n 80% repolarization and calcium transient duration at 80%\n repolarization were measured after a series of 20×S1 pacing trains at the\n pacing cycle lengths of 150, 130, 120, 110, 100, 90, 80, and 70 ms. The\n effective refractory period and the susceptibility to both AF and VT were\n tested via programmed stimulations including extra-stimuli and overdrive\n pacing. AF was diagnosed as fast and irregular beating lasting more than 2\n seconds, whereas VT was determined as at least 6 non-driven consecutive\n ventricular premature beats. For histological analysis, hearts were weighed,\n fixed, and embedded in O.C.T compound for the following histological\n analyses. Heart coronal\n or transverse cryosections\n were stained with Sirius red/fast green to assess fibrosis or\n fluorescently stained for the assessment of the intrinsic cardiac nervous\n system (ICNS) and cardiac microvessels. ICNS as the autonomic nerve system\n inside the heart is vital for cardiac function and maintenance of normal heart rhythm.\n To visualize ICNS, we\n performed immunofluorescence staining for sympathetic and\n parasympathetic nerves. In\n order to quantify microvessels including capillaries and small\n precapillary arterioles with a cross area of 10–314\n μm2, slides were incubated with biotinylated Griffonia\n simplicifolia I lectin and then labeled with Alexa Fluor 488 Streptavidin\n (Invitrogen) as we previously described. Microvessel density (count/mm2 tissue) and area\n percentage were calculated. Ten views were taken randomly from\n subepicardium, midmural, and subendocardium for each section to calculate\n mean optical area that represented the average intensity level using Fiji\n ImageJ. \u003cstrong\u003eStatistics\u003c/strong\u003e. Data are shown as mean ± SD. P\u0026lt;.05 was\n required for significance. ","descriptionType":"Methods"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[{"funderName":"California TRDRP*","awardNumber":"T29IP0490"},{"schemeUri":"https://ror.org","funderName":"American Heart Association","awardNumber":"20POST35120455","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/013kjyp64","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"funderName":"Elfenworks Foundation*"},{"funderName":"Roy E Thomas Medical Foundation*"},{"funderName":"FDA Center for Tobacco Products*","awardNumber":"U54 HL147127"},{"awardUri":"https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10468880","schemeUri":"https://ror.org","awardTitle":"\n        Integrated Health, Behavioral and Economic Research on Current and\n        Emerging Tobacco Products\n      ","funderName":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute","awardNumber":"5U54HL147127-10","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/012pb6c26","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"}],"xml":"<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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  <identifier identifierType="DOI">10.7272/Q66W98B3</identifier>
  <creators>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Qiu, Huiliang</creatorName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0001-8625-8974</nameIdentifier>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/043mz5j54" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, San Francisco</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Zhang, Hao</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/043mz5j54" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, San Francisco</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Han, Daniel</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/043mz5j54" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, San Francisco</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Derakhshandeh, Ronak</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/043mz5j54" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, San Francisco</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Wang, Xiaoyin</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/043mz5j54" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, San Francisco</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Goyal, Natasha</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/043mz5j54" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, San Francisco</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Navabzadeh, Mina</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/043mz5j54" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, San Francisco</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Rao, Poonam</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/043mz5j54" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, San Francisco</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Wilson, Emily</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/043mz5j54" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, San Francisco</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Mohammadi, Leila</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/043mz5j54" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, San Francisco</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Olgin, Jeffrey</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/043mz5j54" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, San Francisco</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Springer, Matthew</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/043mz5j54" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, San Francisco</affiliation>
    </creator>
  </creators>
  <titles>
    <title>
      Increased vulnerability to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias caused by
      different types of inhaled tobacco or marijuana products
    </title>
  </titles>
  <publisher publisherIdentifier="https://ror.org/00x6h5n95" publisherIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org/">Dryad</publisher>
  <resourceType resourceTypeGeneral="Dataset">dataset</resourceType>
  <publicationYear>2022</publicationYear>
  <subjects>
    <subject subjectScheme="fos" schemeURI="https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf">FOS: Basic medicine</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus" schemeURI="https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus">Tobacco</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus" schemeURI="https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus">Marijuana</subject>
    <subject>Vaping</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus" schemeURI="https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus">Atrial fibrillation</subject>
    <subject>Ventricular tachycardia</subject>
    <subject>Heart rate variability</subject>
    <subject>Arrhythmogenic substrate</subject>
  </subjects>
  <fundingReferences>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>California TRDRP*</funderName>
      <awardNumber>T29IP0490</awardNumber>
    </fundingReference>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>American Heart Association</funderName>
      <funderIdentifier funderIdentifierType="ROR">https://ror.org/013kjyp64</funderIdentifier>
      <awardNumber>20POST35120455</awardNumber>
    </fundingReference>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>Elfenworks Foundation*</funderName>
    </fundingReference>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>Roy E Thomas Medical Foundation*</funderName>
    </fundingReference>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>FDA Center for Tobacco Products*</funderName>
      <awardNumber>U54 HL147127</awardNumber>
    </fundingReference>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>National Heart Lung and Blood Institute</funderName>
      <funderIdentifier funderIdentifierType="ROR">https://ror.org/012pb6c26</funderIdentifier>
      <awardNumber awardURI="https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10468880">5U54HL147127-10</awardNumber>
      <awardTitle>
        Integrated Health, Behavioral and Economic Research on Current and
        Emerging Tobacco Products
      </awardTitle>
    </fundingReference>
  </fundingReferences>
  <dates>
    <date dateType="Submitted">2022-10-11T23:49:04Z</date>
    <date dateType="Issued">2022-11-09T00:00:00Z</date>
    <date dateType="Available">2022-11-09T00:00:00Z</date>
  </dates>
  <language>en</language>
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  <descriptions>
    <description descriptionType="Abstract">
      Background: The emergence of a plethora of new tobacco products marketed
      as being less harmful than smoking, such as electronic cigarettes and
      heated tobacco products, and an increased popularity of recreational
      marijuana, has raised concerns about the potential cardiovascular risk
      associated with their use. Objective: The present study aimed to
      investigate whether the use of novel tobacco products or marijuana can
      cause the development of proarrhythmic substrate and eventually lead to
      arrhythmias. Methods and results: Rats exposed to smoke from tobacco,
      marijuana, or cannabinoid-depleted marijuana, or to aerosol from
      electronic cigarettes or heated tobacco products, once per day for 8 weeks
      exhibited progressively increased systolic blood pressure, decreased
      cardiac systolic function with chamber dilation, and reduced overall heart
      rate variability, relative to the clean air negative control group. Atrial
      fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia testing by ex vivo optical
      mapping revealed a significantly higher susceptibility to each, with a
      shortened effective refractory period and prolonged calcium transient
      duration. Histological analysis indicated that in all exposure conditions
      except for air, exposure to smoke or aerosol from tobacco or marijuana
      products caused severe fibrosis with decreased microvessel density and a
      higher level of sympathetic nerve innervation. Conclusions: These
      pathophysiological results indicate that tobacco and marijuana products
      can induce arrhythmogenic substrates involved in cardiac electrical,
      structural, and neural remodeling, facilitating the development of
      arrhythmias.
    </description>
    <description descriptionType="Methods">
      &lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Animals&lt;/strong&gt;.
      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;Sprague-Dawley rats, 8–10
      weeks old, of both genders, were used for this study.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt; Rats were exposed to one of the following
      products: Marlboro Red tobacco cigarettes (CIG), HTPs (IQOS), e-cigs
      (JUUL, Virginia Tobacco flavor, 5% nicotine), marijuana (MJ, ~10%
      delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)), or “Placebo marijuana” (pb-MJ,
      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;cannabinoid-depleted
      marijuana, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;&amp;lt;.01% THC).
      All required federal, state, and institutional approvals for acquisition
      and possession of marijuana and exposure of rodents were obtained.
      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;Air exposure was used as
      control. Group size was 8–16.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p
      align="left"&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pathophysiological
      assessments&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;
      Systolic blood pressure, echocardiography, ECG telemetry, arrhythmia
      inducibility testing, and optical mapping were assayed during or after
      exposure as described previously (see Supplemental Materials).
      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt; We measured conscious SBP by
      tail cuff on the first exposure day and at the end of the 2nd, 4th, 6th,
      and 8th week to determine progressively chronic effects. On each
      measurement day, SBP was measured twice, both before and after that day’s
      single exposure, to determine that day’s acute effect. Eight weeks
      post-exposure, ex vivo heart optical mapping was performed as described
      previously to test the susceptibility to arrhythmias originating from left
      and right atria and ventricles and to evaluate their electrophysiological
      characteristics. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;The APD at
      80% repolarization and calcium transient duration at 80%
      repolarization were measured after a series of 20×S1 pacing trains at the
      pacing cycle lengths of 150, 130, 120, 110, 100, 90, 80, and 70 ms. The
      effective refractory period and the susceptibility to both AF and VT were
      tested via programmed stimulations including extra-stimuli and overdrive
      pacing. AF was diagnosed as fast and irregular beating lasting more than 2
      seconds, whereas VT was&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;determined as at least 6 non-driven consecutive
      ventricular premature beats. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;For histological analysis, hearts were weighed,
      fixed, and embedded in O.C.T compound for the following histological
      analyses. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;Heart coronal
      or&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span lang="EN"&gt;transverse cryosections
      were stained with Sirius red/fast green to assess fibrosis or
      fluorescently stained for the assessment of the intrinsic cardiac nervous
      system (ICNS) and cardiac microvessels. ICNS as the autonomic nerve system
      inside the heart is vital for cardiac function and&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;maintenance of normal heart rhythm.
      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;To visualize ICNS, we
      performed immunofluorescence staining for sympathetic and
      parasy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;mpathetic nerves. In
      order to quantify microvessels including capillaries and small
      precapillary arterioles with a cross area of 10–314
      μm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;slides were incubated with biotinylated Griffonia
      simplicifolia I lectin and then labeled with Alexa Fluor 488 Streptavidin
      (Invitrogen) as we previously described. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;Microvessel density (count/mm2 tissue) and area
      percentage were calculated. Ten views were taken randomly from
      subepicardium, midmural, and subendocardium for each section to calculate
      mean optical area that represented the average intensity level using Fiji
      ImageJ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p
      align="left"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;Statistics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;. Data are shown as mean ± SD. P&amp;lt;.05 was
      required for significance. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
    </description>
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