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The differential modal gain is dramatically reduced by using the double cladding erbium doped fiber (DC-EDF) with a refractive index trench structure, which helps to tightly confine all the 21 spatial modes in the core and to mitigate the bending loss. Our experimental results show the differential modal gain is about 3 dB when average signal modal gain for all 12 mode groups is up to 15 dB across the C band. Our method of using DC-EDF with a properly designed trench structure can be used to develop gain equalized few mode amplifiers supporting more spatial modes.","descriptionType":"Abstract"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"xml":"PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz4KPHJlc291cmNlIHhtbG5zOnhzaT0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMS9YTUxTY2hlbWEtaW5zdGFuY2UiIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vZGF0YWNpdGUub3JnL3NjaGVtYS9rZXJuZWwtNCIgeHNpOnNjaGVtYUxvY2F0aW9uPSJodHRwOi8vZGF0YWNpdGUub3JnL3NjaGVtYS9rZXJuZWwtNCBodHRwOi8vc2NoZW1hLmRhdGFjaXRlLm9yZy9tZXRhL2tlcm5lbC00L21ldGFkYXRhLnhzZCI+CiAgPGlkZW50aWZpZXIgaWRlbnRpZmllclR5cGU9IkRPSSI+MTAuNjA4NC9NOS5GSUdTSEFSRS5DLjM5NDAxMzg8L2lkZW50aWZpZXI+CiAgPGNyZWF0b3JzPgogICAgPGNyZWF0b3I+CiAgICAgIDxjcmVhdG9yTmFtZT5aaGVuemhlbiBaaGFuZzwvY3JlYXRvck5hbWU+CiAgICA8L2NyZWF0b3I+CiAgICA8Y3JlYXRvcj4KICAgICAgPGNyZWF0b3JOYW1lIG5hbWVUeXBlPSJQZXJzb25hbCI+R3VvLCBDaGVuZzwvY3JlYXRvck5hbWU+CiAgICAgIDxnaXZlbk5hbWU+Q2hlbmc8L2dpdmVuTmFtZT4KICAgICAgPGZhbWlseU5hbWU+R3VvPC9mYW1pbHlOYW1lPgogICAgPC9jcmVhdG9yPgogICAgPGNyZWF0b3I+CiAgICAgIDxjcmVhdG9yTmFtZSBuYW1lVHlwZT0iUGVyc29uYWwiPkN1aSwgTGlhbmc8L2NyZWF0b3JOYW1lPgogICAgICA8Z2l2ZW5OYW1lPkxpYW5nPC9naXZlbk5hbWU+CiAgICAgIDxmYW1pbHlOYW1lPkN1aTwvZmFtaWx5TmFtZT4KICAgIDwvY3JlYXRvcj4KICAgIDxjcmVhdG9yPgogICAgICA8Y3JlYXRvck5hbWUgbmFtZVR5cGU9IlBlcnNvbmFsIj5NbywgUWk8L2NyZWF0b3JOYW1lPgogICAgICA8Z2l2ZW5OYW1lPlFpPC9naXZlbk5hbWU+CiAgICAgIDxmYW1pbHlOYW1lPk1vPC9mYW1pbHlOYW1lPgogICAgPC9jcmVhdG9yPgogICAgPGNyZWF0b3I+CiAgICAgIDxjcmVhdG9yTmFtZT5OaW5nYm8gWmhhbzwvY3JlYXRvck5hbWU+CiAgICA8L2NyZWF0b3I+CiAgICA8Y3JlYXRvcj4KICAgICAgPGNyZWF0b3JOYW1lIG5hbWVUeXBlPSJQZXJzb25hbCI+RHUsIENoZW5nPC9jcmVhdG9yTmFtZT4KICAgICAgPGdpdmVuTmFtZT5DaGVuZzwvZ2l2ZW5OYW1lPgogICAgICA8ZmFtaWx5TmFtZT5EdTwvZmFtaWx5TmFtZT4KICAgIDwvY3JlYXRvcj4KICAgIDxjcmVhdG9yPgogICAgICA8Y3JlYXRvck5hbWU+WGlhb3lpbmcgTGk8L2NyZWF0b3JOYW1lPgogICAgPC9jcmVhdG9yPgogICAgPGNyZWF0b3I+CiAgICAgIDxjcmVhdG9yTmFtZT5HdWlmYW5nIExpPC9jcmVhdG9yTmFtZT4KICAgIDwvY3JlYXRvcj4KICA8L2NyZWF0b3JzPgogIDx0aXRsZXM+CiAgICA8dGl0bGU+MjEgc3BhdGlhbCBtb2RlIGVyYml1bS1kb3BlZCBmaWJlciBhbXBsaWZpZXIgZm9yIG1vZGUgZGl2aXNpb24gbXVsdGlwbGV4aW5nIHRyYW5zbWlzc2lvbjwvdGl0bGU+CiAgPC90aXRsZXM+CiAgPHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5GaWdzaGFyZTwvcHVibGlzaGVyPgogIDxwdWJsaWNhdGlvblllYXI+MjAxODwvcHVibGljYXRpb25ZZWFyPgogIDxyZXNvdXJjZVR5cGUgcmVzb3VyY2VUeXBlR2VuZXJhbD0iQ29sbGVjdGlvbiI+Q29sbGVjdGlvbjwvcmVzb3VyY2VUeXBlPgogIDxzdWJqZWN0cz4KICAgIDxzdWJqZWN0IHN1YmplY3RTY2hlbWU9IkZPUiI+MTAwNTA2IE9wdGljYWwgRmlicmUgQ29tbXVuaWNhdGlvbnM8L3N1YmplY3Q+CiAgICA8c3ViamVjdCBzdWJqZWN0U2NoZW1lPSJGaWVsZHMgb2YgU2NpZW5jZSBhbmQgVGVjaG5vbG9neSAoRk9TKSIgc2NoZW1lVVJJPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3Lm9lY2Qub3JnL3NjaWVuY2UvaW5uby8zODIzNTE0Ny5wZGYiPkZPUzogRWxlY3RyaWNhbCBlbmdpbmVlcmluZywgZWxlY3Ryb25pYyBlbmdpbmVlcmluZywgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24gZW5naW5lZXJpbmc8L3N1YmplY3Q+CiAgPC9zdWJqZWN0cz4KICA8ZGF0ZXM+CiAgICA8ZGF0ZSBkYXRlVHlwZT0iQ3JlYXRlZCI+MjAxNy0xMS0yODwvZGF0ZT4KICAgIDxkYXRlIGRhdGVUeXBlPSJVcGRhdGVkIj4yMDE4LTAzLTIzPC9kYXRlPgogICAgPGRhdGUgZGF0ZVR5cGU9Iklzc3VlZCI+MjAxODwvZGF0ZT4KICA8L2RhdGVzPgogIDxyZWxhdGVkSWRlbnRpZmllcnM+CiAgICA8cmVsYXRlZElkZW50aWZpZXIgcmVsYXRlZElkZW50aWZpZXJUeXBlPSJET0kiIHJlbGF0aW9uVHlwZT0iSXNTdXBwbGVtZW50VG8iPjEwLjEzNjQvb2wuNDMuMDAxNTUwPC9yZWxhdGVkSWRlbnRpZmllcj4KICA8L3JlbGF0ZWRJZGVudGlmaWVycz4KICA8c2l6ZXMvPgogIDxmb3JtYXRzLz4KICA8dmVyc2lvbi8+CiAgPHJpZ2h0c0xpc3Q+CiAgICA8cmlnaHRzIHJpZ2h0c1VSST0iaHR0cHM6Ly9jcmVhdGl2ZWNvbW1vbnMub3JnL2xpY2Vuc2VzL2J5LzQuMCI+Q0MgQlkgNC4wPC9yaWdodHM+CiAgPC9yaWdodHNMaXN0PgogIDxkZXNjcmlwdGlvbnM+CiAgICA8ZGVzY3JpcHRpb24gZGVzY3JpcHRpb25UeXBlPSJBYnN0cmFjdCI+V2UgZXhwZXJpbWVudGFsbHkgZGVtb25zdHJhdGUgYSAxMiBtb2RlIGdyb3VwcyAoMjEgc3BhdGlhbCBtb2RlcykgY2xhZGRpbmcgcHVtcGVkIGZldyBtb2RlIGVyYml1bSBkb3BlZCBmaWJlciBhbXBsaWZpZXIuIFRoZSBkaWZmZXJlbnRpYWwgbW9kYWwgZ2FpbiBpcyBkcmFtYXRpY2FsbHkgcmVkdWNlZCBieSB1c2luZyB0aGUgZG91YmxlIGNsYWRkaW5nIGVyYml1bSBkb3BlZCBmaWJlciAoREMtRURGKSB3aXRoIGEgcmVmcmFjdGl2ZSBpbmRleCB0cmVuY2ggc3RydWN0dXJlLCB3aGljaCBoZWxwcyB0byB0aWdodGx5IGNvbmZpbmUgYWxsIHRoZSAyMSBzcGF0aWFsIG1vZGVzIGluIHRoZSBjb3JlIGFuZCB0byBtaXRpZ2F0ZSB0aGUgYmVuZGluZyBsb3NzLiBPdXIgZXhwZXJpbWVudGFsIHJlc3VsdHMgc2hvdyB0aGUgZGlmZmVyZW50aWFsIG1vZGFsIGdhaW4gaXMgYWJvdXQgMyBkQiB3aGVuIGF2ZXJhZ2Ugc2lnbmFsIG1vZGFsIGdhaW4gZm9yIGFsbCAxMiBtb2RlIGdyb3VwcyBpcyB1cCB0byAxNSBkQiBhY3Jvc3MgdGhlIEMgYmFuZC4gT3VyIG1ldGhvZCBvZiB1c2luZyBEQy1FREYgd2l0aCBhIHByb3Blcmx5IGRlc2lnbmVkIHRyZW5jaCBzdHJ1Y3R1cmUgY2FuIGJlIHVzZWQgdG8gZGV2ZWxvcCBnYWluIGVxdWFsaXplZCBmZXcgbW9kZSBhbXBsaWZpZXJzIHN1cHBvcnRpbmcgbW9yZSBzcGF0aWFsIG1vZGVzLjwvZGVzY3JpcHRpb24+CiAgPC9kZXNjcmlwdGlvbnM+CjwvcmVzb3VyY2U+Cg==","url":"https://figshare.com/collections/21_spatial_mode_erbium-doped_fiber_amplifier_for_mode_division_multiplexing_transmission/3940138","contentUrl":null,"metadataVersion":3,"schemaVersion":"http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4","source":"api","isActive":true,"state":"findable","reason":null,"viewCount":0,"viewsOverTime":[],"downloadCount":0,"downloadsOverTime":[],"referenceCount":1,"citationCount":0,"citationsOverTime":[],"partCount":0,"partOfCount":0,"versionCount":0,"versionOfCount":0,"created":"2018-03-23T20:39:02.000Z","registered":"2018-03-23T20:39:03.000Z","published":"2018","updated":"2024-12-12T12:35:36.000Z"},"relationships":{"client":{"data":{"id"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