{"data":{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3252826","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3252826","prefix":"10.6084","suffix":"m9.figshare.c.3252826","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Sungwoo Park","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Jayoung Choi","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Biering, Scott B.","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Scott B.","familyName":"Biering","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Dominici, Erin","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Erin","familyName":"Dominici","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Williams, Lelia E.","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Lelia E.","familyName":"Williams","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Seungmin Hwang","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Targeting by AutophaGy proteins (TAG): Targeting of IFNG-inducible GTPases to membranes by the LC3 conjugation system of autophagy"}],"publisher":"Figshare","container":{},"publicationYear":2016,"subjects":[{"subject":"Biochemistry"},{"subject":"29999 Physical Sciences not elsewhere classified","subjectScheme":"FOR"},{"subject":"FOS: Physical sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Physical sciences","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Microbiology"},{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Cell Biology"},{"subject":"Genetics"},{"subject":"Molecular Biology"},{"subject":"Pharmacology"},{"subject":"39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified","subjectScheme":"FOR"},{"subject":"FOS: Chemical sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Chemical sciences","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Immunology"},{"subject":"FOS: Clinical medicine","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Clinical medicine","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Cancer"},{"subject":"Infectious Diseases"},{"subject":"FOS: Health sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Health sciences","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Plant Biology"},{"subject":"Virology"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2016-05-12","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2016-06-08","dateType":"Updated"},{"date":"2016","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"ris":"GEN","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"article","schemaOrg":"Collection","resourceType":"Collection","resourceTypeGeneral":"Collection"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsSupplementTo","relatedIdentifier":"10.1080/15548627.2016.1178447","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":[],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rights":"CC-BY","rightsUri":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"LC3 has been used as a marker to locate autophagosomes. However, it is also well established that LC3 can localize on various membranous structures other than autophagosomes. We recently demonstrated that the LC3 conjugation system (ATG7, ATG3, and ATG12–ATG5-ATG16L1) is required to target LC3 and IFNG (interferon, gamma)-inducible GTPases to the parasitophorus vacuole membrane (PVM) of a protist parasite \u003ci\u003eToxoplasma gondii\u003c/i\u003e and consequently for IFNG to control \u003ci\u003eT. gondii\u003c/i\u003e infection. Here we show that not only LC3, but also its homologs (GABARAP, GABARAPL1, and GABARAPL2) localize on the PVM of \u003ci\u003eT. gondii\u003c/i\u003e in a conjugation-dependent manner. Knockout/knockdown of all LC3 homologs led to a significant reduction in targeting of the IFNG-inducible GTPases to the PVM of \u003ci\u003eT. gondii\u003c/i\u003e and the IFNG-mediated control of \u003ci\u003eT. gondii\u003c/i\u003e infection. Furthermore, when we relocated the ATG12–ATG5-ATG16L1 complex, which specifies the conjugation site of LC3 homologs, to alternative target membranes, the IFNG-inducible GTPases were targeted to the new target membranes rather than the PVM of \u003ci\u003eT. gondii\u003c/i\u003e. These data suggest that the localization of LC3 homologs onto a membrane by the LC3 conjugation system is necessary and sufficient for targeting of the IFNG-inducible GTPases to the membrane, implying Targeting by AutophaGy proteins (TAG). Our data further suggest that the conjugation of ubiquitin-like LC3 homologs to the phospholipids of membranes may change the destiny of the membranes beyond degradation through lysosomal fusion, as the conjugation of ubiquitin to proteins changes the destiny of the proteins beyond proteasomal degradation.","descriptionType":"Abstract"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"xml":"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