{"data":{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3152866","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3152866","prefix":"10.6084","suffix":"m9.figshare.c.3152866","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Aminu Bayawa Muhammad","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Abdullahi Attahiru","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Empirical investigation of precipitation of hexadecanoic acid from toluene/brine system: implication to naphthenic acid precipitation from crude oils"}],"publisher":"Figshare","container":{},"publicationYear":2016,"subjects":[{"subject":"Biophysics"},{"subject":"Space Science"},{"subject":"59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified","subjectScheme":"FOR"},{"subject":"FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified","subjectScheme":"FOR"},{"subject":"FOS: Chemical sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Chemical sciences","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Ecology"},{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"20199 Astronomical and Space Sciences not elsewhere classified","subjectScheme":"FOR"},{"subject":"FOS: Physical sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Physical sciences","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified","subjectScheme":"FOR"},{"subject":"Inorganic Chemistry"},{"subject":"Science Policy"},{"subject":"Plant Biology"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2016-04-29","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2016-04-29","dateType":"Updated"},{"date":"2016","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"ris":"GEN","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"article","schemaOrg":"Collection","resourceType":"Collection","resourceTypeGeneral":"Collection"},"relatedIdentifiers":[],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":[],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rights":"CC-BY","rightsUri":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Naphthenic acids, due to their tendency to precipitate out of solution when in contact with formation water, present a formidable challenge for the petroleum industry. In this study precipitation of hexadecanoic acid from an idealized oil/water (toluene/brine) system was investigated. The FTIR results revealed that the acid was mainly precipitated as calcium hexadecanoate. Experiments designed to study the effect of water cut, acid concentration, brine concentration and pH of the brine on the amount of the precipitate formed revealed that the latter increased, albeit nonlinearly, with increase in brine pH, concentration of the acid and calcium ions. Similar effect was observed with respect to water cut but with maximum amount of the precipitate formed at water cut of about 40%; below and above which relatively lower amount of the acid was precipitated irrespective of the levels of the other factors. In general, the observed effects of the factors suggest that precipitation of the naphthenic acid can be minimized with acidic formation water that contains relatively low concentration of calcium ions particularly when the concentration of the acid in the oil is as low as possible.","descriptionType":"Abstract"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"xml":"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