{"data":{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.2116679.v1","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.2116679.v1","prefix":"10.6084","suffix":"m9.figshare.c.2116679.v1","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Waqas, Muhammad","givenName":"Muhammad","familyName":"Waqas","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Latif Khan, Abdul","givenName":"Abdul","familyName":"Latif Khan","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Hamayun, Muhammad","givenName":"Muhammad","familyName":"Hamayun","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Shahzad, Raheem","givenName":"Raheem","familyName":"Shahzad","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Kang, Sang-Mo","givenName":"Sang-Mo","familyName":"Kang","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Kim, Jong-Guk","givenName":"Jong-Guk","familyName":"Kim","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Lee, In-Jung","givenName":"In-Jung","familyName":"Lee","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Muhammad, Hamayun","givenName":"Hamayun","familyName":"Muhammad","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Endophytic fungi promote plant growth and mitigate the adverse effects of stem rot: An example of \u003ci\u003ePenicillium citrinum\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eAspergillus terreus\u003c/i\u003e"}],"publisher":"Taylor \u0026 Francis","container":{},"publicationYear":2015,"subjects":[{"subject":"Infectious Diseases"},{"subject":"FOS: Health sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Medicine"},{"subject":"Virology"},{"subject":"Plant Biology"},{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Biological Sciences"},{"subject":"Ecology"},{"subject":"Biotechnology"},{"subject":"Microbiology"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2015-12-05","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2019-08-19","dateType":"Updated"},{"date":"2015","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"ris":"GEN","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"article","schemaOrg":"Collection","resourceType":"Collection","resourceTypeGeneral":"Collection"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsIdenticalTo","relatedIdentifier":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.2116679","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":[],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Disease resistance is a highly desirable crop trait in the sustainable agricultural industry. Endophytic fungi with gibberellins (GAs)-secreting potential are now widely known for their ability to stimulate plant growth, but their role in promoting disease resistance in plants has rarely been reported. We have studied the role of \u003ci\u003ePenicillium citrinum\u003c/i\u003e LWL4 and \u003ci\u003eAspergillus terreus\u003c/i\u003e LWL5 in time dependent manner on sunflower (\u003ci\u003eHelianthus annuus\u003c/i\u003e L.) growth, disease resistance and their capacity for the regulation of hormone signaling networks involved in plant defense against the stem rot caused by \u003ci\u003eSclerotium rolfsii\u003c/i\u003e for 3, 6 and 12 days after treatment (DAT). Our results show that plant growth characteristics, (i.e., shoot length, shoot diameter, shoot fresh/dry weight, transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll content) were promoted in fungi-treated plants with or without the disease caused by \u003ci\u003eSclerotium rolfsii\u003c/i\u003e as compared to their respective controls in 3, 6 and 12DAT. The negative impacts of stem rot in endophyte treated diseased plants were greatly reduced in comparison to control diseased plants shown by low disease severity in 3, 6 and 12 DAT. Similarly, fungal endophytes in diseased plants relieved the biotic stress in time dependent manner (3, 6 and 12DAT) as shown by low level of endogenous SA and JA contents and were significantly higher in control diseased plants. Furthermore, we observed that the \u003ci\u003ePenicillium citrinum\u003c/i\u003e LWL4 association had a greater positive effect on sunflower plants than \u003ci\u003eAspergillus terreus\u003c/i\u003e LWL5. It was concluded that inoculation with fungal endophytes reprogrammed plant growth during disease incidence by regulating responses associated with host plant defense. Management strategies involving endophytic symbiosis can help achieve sustainability in agriculture in an eco-friendly manner by reducing excessive fungicide use.Supplement_Data.zip","descriptionType":"Abstract"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"xml":"PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz4KPHJlc291cmNlIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vZGF0YWNpdGUub3JnL3NjaGVtYS9rZXJuZWwtNCIgeG1sbnM6eHNpPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAxL1hNTFNjaGVtYS1pbnN0YW5jZSIgeHNpOnNjaGVtYUxvY2F0aW9uPSJodHRwOi8vZGF0YWNpdGUub3JnL3NjaGVtYS9rZXJuZWwtNCBodHRwOi8vc2NoZW1hLmRhdGFjaXRlLm9yZy9tZXRhL2tlcm5lbC00LjQvbWV0YWRhdGEueHNkIj4KICA8aWRlbnRpZmllciBpZGVudGlmaWVyVHlwZT0iRE9JIj4xMC42MDg0L005LkZJR1NIQVJFLkMuMjExNjY3OS5WMTwvaWRlbnRpZmllcj4KICA8Y3JlYXRvcnM+CiAgICA8Y3JlYXRvcj4KICAgICAgPGNyZWF0b3JOYW1lPk11aGFtbWFkIFdhcWFzPC9jcmVhdG9yTmFtZT4KICAgICAgPGdpdmVuTmFtZT5NdWhhbW1hZDwvZ2l2ZW5OYW1lPgogICAgICA8ZmFtaWx5TmFtZT5XYXFhczwvZmFtaWx5TmFtZT4KICAgIDwvY3JlYXRvcj4KICAgIDxjcmVhdG9yPgogICAgICA8Y3JlYXRvck5hbWU+QWJkdWwgTGF0aWYgS2hhbjwvY3JlYXRvck5hbWU+CiAgICAgIDxnaXZlbk5hbWU+QWJkdWw8L2dpdmVuTmFtZT4KICAgICAgPGZhbWlseU5hbWU+TGF0aWYgS2hhbjwvZmFtaWx5TmFtZT4KICAgIDwvY3JlYXRvcj4KICAgIDxjcmVhdG9yPgogICAgICA8Y3JlYXRvck5hbWU+TXVoYW1tYWQgSGFtYXl1bjwvY3JlYXRvck5hbWU+CiAgICAgIDxnaXZlbk5hbWU+TXVoYW1tYWQ8L2dpdmVuTmFtZT4KICAgICAgPGZhbWlseU5hbWU+SGFtYXl1bjwvZmFtaWx5TmFtZT4KICAgIDwvY3JlYXRvcj4KICAgIDxjcmVhdG9yPgogICAgICA8Y3JlYXRvck5hbWU+UmFoZWVtIFNoYWh6YWQ8L2NyZWF0b3JOYW1lPgogICAgICA8Z2l2ZW5OYW1lPlJhaGVlbTwvZ2l2ZW5OYW1lPgogICAgICA8ZmFtaWx5TmFtZT5TaGFoemFkPC9mYW1pbHlOYW1lPgogICAgPC9jcmVhdG9yPgogICAgPGNyZWF0b3I+CiAgICAgIDxjcmVhdG9yTmFtZT5TYW5nLU1vIEthbmc8L2NyZWF0b3JOYW1lPgogICAgICA8Z2l2ZW5OYW1lPlNhbmctTW88L2dpdmVuTmFtZT4KICAgICAgPGZhbWlseU5hbWU+S2FuZzwvZmFtaWx5TmFtZT4KICAgIDwvY3JlYXRvcj4KICAgIDxjcmVhdG9yPgogICAgICA8Y3JlYXRvck5hbWU+Sm9uZy1HdWsgS2ltPC9jcmVhdG9yTmFtZT4KICAgICAgPGdpdmVuTmFtZT5Kb25nLUd1azwvZ2l2ZW5OYW1lPgogICAgICA8ZmFtaWx5TmFtZT5LaW08L2ZhbWlseU5hbWU+CiAgICA8L2NyZWF0b3I+CiAgICA8Y3JlYXRvcj4KICAgICAgPGNyZWF0b3JOYW1lPkluLUp1bmcgTGVlPC9jcmVhdG9yTmFtZT4KICAgICAgPGdpdmVuTmFtZT5Jbi1KdW5nPC9naXZlbk5hbWU+CiAgICAgIDxmYW1pbHlOYW1lPkxlZTwvZmFtaWx5TmFtZT4KICAgIDwvY3JlYXRvcj4KICAgIDxjcmVhdG9yPgogICAgICA8Y3JlYXRvck5hbWU+SGFtYXl1biBNdWhhbW1hZDwvY3JlYXRvck5hbWU+CiAgICAgIDxnaXZlbk5hbWU+SGFtYXl1bjwvZ2l2ZW5OYW1lPgogICAgICA8ZmFtaWx5TmFtZT5NdWhhbW1hZDwvZmFtaWx5TmFtZT4KICAgIDwvY3JlYXRvcj4KICA8L2NyZWF0b3JzPgogIDx0aXRsZXM+CiAgICA8dGl0bGU+RW5kb3BoeXRpYyBmdW5naSBwcm9tb3RlIHBsYW50IGdyb3d0aCBhbmQgbWl0aWdhdGUgdGhlIGFkdmVyc2UgZWZmZWN0cyBvZiBzdGVtIHJvdDogQW4gZXhhbXBsZSBvZiAmbHQ7aSZndDtQZW5pY2lsbGl1bSBjaXRyaW51bSZsdDsvaSZndDsgYW5kICZsdDtpJmd0O0FzcGVyZ2lsbHVzIHRlcnJldXMmbHQ7L2kmZ3Q7PC90aXRsZT4KICA8L3RpdGxlcz4KICA8ZGVzY3JpcHRpb25zPgogICAgPGRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIGRlc2NyaXB0aW9uVHlwZT0iQWJzdHJhY3QiPiZsdDtkaXYmZ3Q7Jmx0O3AmZ3Q7Jmx0Oy9wJmd0OyZsdDtwJmd0O0Rpc2Vhc2UgcmVzaXN0YW5jZSBpcyBhIGhpZ2hseSBkZXNpcmFibGUgY3JvcCB0cmFpdCBpbiB0aGUgc3VzdGFpbmFibGUgYWdyaWN1bHR1cmFsIGluZHVzdHJ5LiBFbmRvcGh5dGljIGZ1bmdpIHdpdGggZ2liYmVyZWxsaW5zIChHQXMpLXNlY3JldGluZyBwb3RlbnRpYWwgYXJlIG5vdyB3aWRlbHkga25vd24gZm9yIHRoZWlyIGFiaWxpdHkgdG8gc3RpbXVsYXRlIHBsYW50IGdyb3d0aCwgYnV0IHRoZWlyIHJvbGUgaW4gcHJvbW90aW5nIGRpc2Vhc2UgcmVzaXN0YW5jZSBpbiBwbGFudHMgaGFzIHJhcmVseSBiZWVuIHJlcG9ydGVkLiBXZSBoYXZlIHN0dWRpZWQgdGhlIHJvbGUgb2YgJmx0O2kmZ3Q7UGVuaWNpbGxpdW0gY2l0cmludW0mbHQ7L2kmZ3Q7IExXTDQgYW5kICZsdDtpJmd0O0FzcGVyZ2lsbHVzIHRlcnJldXMmbHQ7L2kmZ3Q7IExXTDUgaW4gdGltZSBkZXBlbmRlbnQgbWFubmVyIG9uIHN1bmZsb3dlciAoJmx0O2kmZ3Q7SGVsaWFudGh1cyBhbm51dXMmbHQ7L2kmZ3Q7IEwuKSBncm93dGgsIGRpc2Vhc2UgcmVzaXN0YW5jZSBhbmQgdGhlaXIgY2FwYWNpdHkgZm9yIHRoZSByZWd1bGF0aW9uIG9mIGhvcm1vbmUgc2lnbmFsaW5nIG5ldHdvcmtzIGludm9sdmVkIGluIHBsYW50IGRlZmVuc2UgYWdhaW5zdCB0aGUgc3RlbSByb3QgY2F1c2VkIGJ5ICZsdDtpJmd0O1NjbGVyb3RpdW0gcm9sZnNpaSZsdDsvaSZndDsgZm9yIDMsIDYgYW5kIDEyIGRheXMgYWZ0ZXIgdHJlYXRtZW50IChEQVQpLiBPdXIgcmVzdWx0cyBzaG93IHRoYXQgcGxhbnQgZ3Jvd3RoIGNoYXJhY3RlcmlzdGljcywgKGkuZS4sIHNob290IGxlbmd0aCwgc2hvb3QgZGlhbWV0ZXIsIHNob290IGZyZXNoL2RyeSB3ZWlnaHQsIHRyYW5zcGlyYXRpb24sIHN0b21hdGFsIGNvbmR1Y3RhbmNlLCBwaG90b3N5bnRoZXNpcywgYW5kIGNobG9yb3BoeWxsIGNvbnRlbnQpIHdlcmUgcHJvbW90ZWQgaW4gZnVuZ2ktdHJlYXRlZCBwbGFudHMgd2l0aCBvciB3aXRob3V0IHRoZSBkaXNlYXNlIGNhdXNlZCBieSAmbHQ7aSZndDtTY2xlcm90aXVtIHJvbGZzaWkmbHQ7L2kmZ3Q7IGFzIGNvbXBhcmVkIHRvIHRoZWlyIHJlc3BlY3RpdmUgY29udHJvbHMgaW4gMywgNiBhbmQgMTJEQVQuIFRoZSBuZWdhdGl2ZSBpbXBhY3RzIG9mIHN0ZW0gcm90IGluIGVuZG9waHl0ZSB0cmVhdGVkIGRpc2Vhc2VkIHBsYW50cyB3ZXJlIGdyZWF0bHkgcmVkdWNlZCBpbiBjb21wYXJpc29uIHRvIGNvbnRyb2wgZGlzZWFzZWQgcGxhbnRzIHNob3duIGJ5IGxvdyBkaXNlYXNlIHNldmVyaXR5IGluIDMsIDYgYW5kIDEyIERBVC4gU2ltaWxhcmx5LCBmdW5nYWwgZW5kb3BoeXRlcyBpbiBkaXNlYXNlZCBwbGFudHMgcmVsaWV2ZWQgdGhlIGJpb3RpYyBzdHJlc3MgaW4gdGltZSBkZXBlbmRlbnQgbWFubmVyICgzLCA2IGFuZCAxMkRBVCkgYXMgc2hvd24gYnkgbG93IGxldmVsIG9mIGVuZG9nZW5vdXMgU0EgYW5kIEpBIGNvbnRlbnRzIGFuZCB3ZXJlIHNpZ25pZmljYW50bHkgaGlnaGVyIGluIGNvbnRyb2wgZGlzZWFzZWQgcGxhbnRzLiBGdXJ0aGVybW9yZSwgd2Ugb2JzZXJ2ZWQgdGhhdCB0aGUgJmx0O2kmZ3Q7UGVuaWNpbGxpdW0gY2l0cmludW0mbHQ7L2kmZ3Q7IExXTDQgYXNzb2NpYXRpb24gaGFkIGEgZ3JlYXRlciBwb3NpdGl2ZSBlZmZlY3Qgb24gc3VuZmxvd2VyIHBsYW50cyB0aGFuICZsdDtpJmd0O0FzcGVyZ2lsbHVzIHRlcnJldXMmbHQ7L2kmZ3Q7IExXTDUuIEl0IHdhcyBjb25jbHVkZWQgdGhhdCBpbm9jdWxhdGlvbiB3aXRoIGZ1bmdhbCBlbmRvcGh5dGVzIHJl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