{"data":{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.825687.v3","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.825687.v3","prefix":"10.6084","suffix":"m9.figshare.825687.v3","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"A. M. Ragnelli","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"P. Aimola","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"M. Maione","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"O. Zarivi","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"M. Leonardi","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"G. Pacioni","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"The cell death phenomenon during \u003ci\u003eTuber\u003c/i\u003e ectomycorrhiza morphogenesis"}],"publisher":"Taylor \u0026 Francis","container":{},"publicationYear":2014,"subjects":[{"subject":"Developmental Biology"},{"subject":"Biological Sciences"},{"subject":"Immunology"},{"subject":"FOS: Clinical medicine","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Clinical medicine","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Ecology"},{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Molecular Biology"},{"subject":"Cell Biology"},{"subject":"Biophysics"},{"subject":"Plant Biology"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2014-07-17","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2016-01-18","dateType":"Updated"},{"date":"2014","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"ris":"DATA","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"dataset","schemaOrg":"Dataset","resourceType":"Dataset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Dataset"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsSupplementTo","relatedIdentifier":"10.1080/11263504.2013.788575","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"},{"relationType":"IsPreviousVersionOf","relatedIdentifier":"10.6084/m9.figshare.825687","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["5571462 Bytes"],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Cell death phenomenon was investigated during the formation and establishment of \u003ci\u003eTuber\u003c/i\u003e ectomycorrhiza (ECM) with host trees, both \u003ci\u003ein vitro\u003c/i\u003e and in pot culture using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) reaction, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). \u003ci\u003eTuber borchii\u003c/i\u003e mycelium and plantlets of \u003ci\u003eTilia plathyphyllos\u003c/i\u003e were used for \u003ci\u003ein vitro\u003c/i\u003e ECM synthesis, whereas \u003ci\u003eT. melanosporum\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eT. aestivum\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eT. borchii\u003c/i\u003e spores and seedlings of \u003ci\u003eCorylus avellana\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eQuercus pubescens\u003c/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eT. plathyphyllos\u003c/i\u003e were employed in pot cultures. Non-mycorrhizal roots showed TUNEL-positive nuclei at the level of cap cells and tracheary elements as a result of physiological root morphogenesis. In contrast, during the pre-symbiotic phase and the following ECM developmental stages, progressive accumulation of tannin/polyphenol deposits developed in epidermal and cortical cells, leading to the cell death but without TUNEL positivity. After this necrosis, a further unexpected autophagic cell death was observed in apparently healthy mycorrhizae, first affecting mycoclena and then the Hartig net hyphae. This series of cell death phenomena involving both root cells and fungal ectomycorrhizal hyphae points to the existence of a genetic orchestration between the two symbiotic partners during ECM morphogenesis and deserves further investigation to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways.","descriptionType":"Abstract"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"xml":"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