{"data":{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.3899787.v1","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.3899787.v1","prefix":"10.6084","suffix":"m9.figshare.3899787.v1","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Miller, Rachael","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Rachael","familyName":"Miller","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Jelbert, Sarah","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Sarah","familyName":"Jelbert","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7503-0648","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Loissel, Elsa","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Elsa","familyName":"Loissel","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Clayton, Nicola","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Nicola","familyName":"Clayton","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Taylor, Alex","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Alex","familyName":"Taylor","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Miller, Jelbert et al. Young children do not require perceptual-motor feedback to solve Aesop's Fable tasks"}],"publisher":"Figshare","container":{},"publicationYear":2017,"subjects":[{"subject":"170102 Developmental Psychology and Ageing","subjectScheme":"FOR"},{"subject":"FOS: Psychology","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"170299 Cognitive Science not elsewhere classified","subjectScheme":"FOR"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2017-06-02","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2017-06-02","dateType":"Updated"},{"date":"2017","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"ris":"DATA","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"dataset","schemaOrg":"Dataset","resourceType":"Dataset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Dataset"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsIdenticalTo","relatedIdentifier":"10.6084/m9.figshare.3899787","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["44648 Bytes"],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rights":"CC BY","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Aesop’s\nFable tasks – in which subjects drop objects into a water-filled tube to raise\nthe water level and obtain out-of-reach floating rewards – have been used to\ntest for causal understanding of water displacement in both young children and\nnon-human animals. However, a number of alternative explanations for success on\nthese tasks have yet to be ruled out. One hypothesis is that subjects may\nrespond to perceptual-motor feedback: repeating those actions that bring the\nreward incrementally closer. Here, we devised a novel, forced-choice version of\nthe Aesop’s Fable task to assess whether subjects can solve water displacement\ntasks when visual feedback is removed. Subjects\nhad to select only one set of objects, or one type of tube, into which all\nobjects were dropped at once, and the effect the\nobjects had on the water level was visually concealed. In the current\nexperiment, fifty-five 5-9 year old children were tested in six different\nconditions in which we either varied object properties (floating vs. sinking,\nhollow vs. solid, large vs. small and too large vs. small objects), the water\nlevel (high vs. low) and/or the tube size (narrow vs. wide). We found that\nchildren aged 8-9 years old were able to solve most of the water displacement\ntasks on their first trial, without any opportunity for feedback, suggesting\nthat they mentally simulated the results of their actions before making a\nchoice. Children aged 5-7 years solved two conditions on their first trial (large\nvs. small objects and high- vs. low-water levels), and learnt to solve most of\nthe remaining conditions over five trials. The developmental pattern shown here\nis comparable to previous studies using the standard Aesop’s Fable task, where\n8 year olds are typically successful from their first trial and 5-7 year olds\nlearn to pass over five trials. Thus, our results indicate that children do not\ndepend on visual feedback to solve these water displacement tasks. The forced-choice\nparadigm we describe could be used comparatively to test whether non-human\nanimals require visual feedback to solve water displacement tasks.","descriptionType":"Abstract"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"xml":"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