{"data":{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.1569467.v2","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.1569467.v2","prefix":"10.6084","suffix":"m9.figshare.1569467.v2","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Mukae, Kyosuke","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Kyosuke","familyName":"Mukae","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Inoue, Yuko","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Yuko","familyName":"Inoue","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Moriyasu, Yuji","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Yuji","familyName":"Moriyasu","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"\u003ci\u003eATG5\u003c/i\u003e-knockout mutants of \u003ci\u003ePhyscomitrella\u003c/i\u003e provide a platform for analyzing the involvement of autophagy in senescence processes in plant cells"}],"publisher":"Taylor \u0026 Francis","container":{},"publicationYear":2015,"subjects":[{"subject":"Plant Biology"},{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Cancer"},{"subject":"Developmental Biology"},{"subject":"Immunology"},{"subject":"FOS: Clinical medicine","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Clinical medicine","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Chemistry"},{"subject":"Evolutionary Biology"},{"subject":"Molecular Biology"},{"subject":"Genetics"},{"subject":"Cell Biology"},{"subject":"Microbiology"},{"subject":"Biochemistry"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2015-10-08","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2019-06-03","dateType":"Updated"},{"date":"2015","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"ris":"DATA","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"dataset","schemaOrg":"Dataset","resourceType":"Dataset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Dataset"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsSupplementTo","relatedIdentifier":"10.1080/15592324.2015.1086859","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"},{"relationType":"IsPreviousVersionOf","relatedIdentifier":"10.6084/m9.figshare.1569467","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["8599812 Bytes"],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Autophagy is a pathway in which a cell degrades part of its cytoplasm in vacuoles or lysosomes. To identify the physiological functions of autophagy in plants, we disrupted \u003ci\u003eATG5\u003c/i\u003e, an autophagy-related gene, in \u003ci\u003ePhyscomitrella\u003c/i\u003e, and confirmed that \u003ci\u003eatg5\u003c/i\u003e mutants are deficient in the process of autophagy. On carbon or nitrogen starvation medium, \u003ci\u003eatg5\u003c/i\u003e colonies turned yellow earlier than the wild-type (WT) colonies, showing that \u003ci\u003ePhyscomitrella atg5\u003c/i\u003e mutants, like yeast and \u003ci\u003eArabidopsis\u003c/i\u003e, are sensitive to nutrient starvation. In the dark, even under nutrient-sufficient conditions, colonies turned yellow and the net degradation of chlorophyll and Rubisco protein occurred together with the upregulation of several senescence-associated genes. Yellowing reactions were inhibited by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, suggesting that protonemal colonies undergo dark-induced senescence like the green leaves of higher plants. Such senescence responses in the dark occurred earlier in \u003ci\u003eatg5\u003c/i\u003e colonies than WT colonies. The sugar content was almost the same between WT and \u003ci\u003eatg5\u003c/i\u003e colonies, indicating that the early-senescence phenotype of \u003ci\u003eatg5\u003c/i\u003e is not explained by sugar deficiency. However, the levels of seven amino acids showed significantly different alteration between \u003ci\u003eatg5\u003c/i\u003e and WT in the dark: six amino acids, particularly arginine and alanine, were much more deficient in the \u003ci\u003eatg5\u003c/i\u003e mutants, irrespective of the early degradation of Rubisco protein. On nutrient-sufficient medium supplemented with casamino acids, the early-senescence phenotype was slightly moderated. We propose that the early-senescence phenotype in \u003ci\u003eatg5\u003c/i\u003e mutants is partly explained by amino acid imbalance because of the lack of cytoplasmic degradation by autophagy in \u003ci\u003ePhyscomitrella\u003c/i\u003e.","descriptionType":"Abstract"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"xml":"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