{"data":{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.1568912","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.1568912","prefix":"10.6084","suffix":"m9.figshare.1568912","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Williams, Jamie R.","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Jamie R.","familyName":"Williams","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"O’Donel, Carrie A.","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Carrie A.","familyName":"O’Donel","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Leiss, Peter J.","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Peter J.","familyName":"Leiss","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Effects of LATCH versus Available Seatbelt Installation of Rear Facing Child Restraint Systems on Head Injury Criteria for 6 Month Old Infants in Rear End Collisions"}],"publisher":"Taylor \u0026 Francis","container":{},"publicationYear":2015,"subjects":[{"subject":"Science Policy"},{"subject":"Biological Sciences"},{"subject":"Sociology"},{"subject":"FOS: Sociology","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Sociology","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Earth and Environmental Sciences"},{"subject":"Engineering"},{"subject":"Biochemistry"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2015-10-08","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2015-10-08","dateType":"Updated"},{"date":"2015","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"ris":"DATA","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"dataset","schemaOrg":"Dataset","resourceType":"Dataset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Dataset"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsSupplementTo","relatedIdentifier":"10.1080/15389588.2015.1067804","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["1009863 Bytes"],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"\u003cb\u003eObjective:\u003c/b\u003e The Lower Anchor and Tethers for CHildren (LATCH) system was introduced in vehicles made after September 1, 2002 and intended to make installation of rear and forward-facing child safety seats easier. Due to the lack of rear impact testing of RFCRS required per the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS), the purpose of this study was to explore the effects, if any, of installation method of RFCRS on the performance of commonly purchased makes and models of RFCRS. Specifically, we hypothesize that in a 48 km/h (29.8 MPH) rear-end collision, installation of RFCRS using the LATCH system will result in higher Head Injury Criteria (HIC) values when compared to using the available lap/shoulder seatbelt (Emergency Locking Retractor - ELR or Automatic Locking Retractor - ALR).\u003cb\u003eMethods:\u003c/b\u003e The test matrix included 36 rear impact sled tests conducted using 3 installation methods on 3 models of RFCRS: the \u003ci\u003eGraco SnugRide®\u003c/i\u003e with and without the base, the \u003ci\u003eBritax Chaperone\u003c/i\u003e with base-mounted anti-rebound bar, and the \u003ci\u003eEvenflo Tribute®\u003c/i\u003e, a model of convertible rearward/forward facing restraint system used in the rearward facing mode. The seats were installed using the LATCH system, ELR lap/shoulder belts, or ALR lap/shoulder belts in seating positions 4 and 6 on a vehicle buck mounted to the sled test base. The infant seat and 6 month old CRABI anthropometric test device (ATD) installation methods were in accordance with standards set forth in the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) FMVSS No. 213, Child Restraint Systems. All tests were conducted on pneumatic controlled acceleration sled (HYGE, Inc., PA, USA) at 48 km/h.\u003cb\u003eResults:\u003c/b\u003e Installation of infant seat type RFCRS using the LATCH system resulted in higher HIC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e values when compared to using the available lap/shoulder seatbelt (ELR or ALR). The mean HIC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e values were most severe when infant seat type RFCRS were installed using LATCH (\u003ci\u003eGraco SnugRide®\u003c/i\u003e HIC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e = 394 and \u003ci\u003eBritax Chaperone\u003c/i\u003e HIC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e = 133) compared to using either ELR lap/shoulder belts (\u003ci\u003eGraco SnugRide®\u003c/i\u003e HIC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e = 218 and \u003ci\u003eBritax Chaperone\u003c/i\u003e HIC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e = 65) or ALR lap/shoulder belts (\u003ci\u003eGraco SnugRide®\u003c/i\u003e HIC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e = 194 and \u003ci\u003eBritax Chaperone\u003c/i\u003e HIC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e = 78). The installation method did not result in a statistically significant difference in HIC for the convertible type RFCRS (\u003ci\u003eEvenflo Tribute®\u003c/i\u003e). In many of the tests, the ATD's head struck the seatback in which the RFCRS was installed. These head strikes resulted in the higher HIC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e scores recorded throughout the testing.\u003cb\u003eConclusions:\u003c/b\u003e The results of this study suggest that LATCH does not offer equal protection to lap/shoulder belts from head injuries in rear impacts when used with infant seat type RFCRS.","descriptionType":"Abstract"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"xml":"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