{"data":{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.1501454","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.1501454","prefix":"10.6084","suffix":"m9.figshare.1501454","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"E.S. O'Neal","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"D.D. Davis","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Biocontrol of \u003ci\u003eAilanthus altissima\u003c/i\u003e: inoculation protocol and risk assessment for \u003ci\u003eVerticillium nonalfalfae\u003c/i\u003e (Plectosphaerellaceae: Phyllachorales)"}],"publisher":"Taylor \u0026 Francis","container":{},"publicationYear":2015,"subjects":[{"subject":"Computational Biology"},{"subject":"60506 Virology","subjectScheme":"FOR"},{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Plant Biology"},{"subject":"110309 Infectious Diseases","subjectScheme":"FOR"},{"subject":"FOS: Health sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Health sciences","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Cancer"},{"subject":"Ecology"},{"subject":"Cell Biology"},{"subject":"Medicine"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2015-08-04","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2015-08-04","dateType":"Updated"},{"date":"2015","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"ris":"DATA","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"dataset","schemaOrg":"Dataset","resourceType":"Dataset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Dataset"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsSupplementTo","relatedIdentifier":"10.1080/09583157.2015.1023258","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["5063972 Bytes"],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"\u003ci\u003eVerticillium nonalfalfae\u003c/i\u003e has been proposed as a biocontrol for invasive \u003ci\u003eAilanthus altissima\u003c/i\u003e (tree-of-heaven) in Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia. However, previous studies evaluating this potential biocontrol utilised a conidial suspension with a short shelf life as inoculum. Anticipating future expanded use of \u003ci\u003eV. nonalfalfae\u003c/i\u003e, we evaluated other inoculum formulations, inoculation protocols and sensitivity of non-target (non-\u003ci\u003eAilanthus\u003c/i\u003e) plant species within Pennsylvania. The most effective inoculum formulation, with an extended shelf life, was prepared by mixing water with stored, refrigerated soil containing \u003ci\u003eV. nonalfalfae\u003c/i\u003e. Less successful, but positive infections were obtained by simply using infected \u003ci\u003eAilanthus\u003c/i\u003e wood and leaves as inoculum. Monthly inoculation of \u003ci\u003eAilanthus\u003c/i\u003e trees demonstrated that the optimal time for successful inoculations was April to May, but limited infections were achieved during all months, including the winter. The health of \u003ci\u003eAilanthus\u003c/i\u003e and non-target species was evaluated within a decade-old natural Verticillium wilt epicentre, where all mature \u003ci\u003eAilanthus\u003c/i\u003e trees had been killed by \u003ci\u003eV. nonalfalfae\u003c/i\u003e. Verticillium wilt was observed on a few small \u003ci\u003eAilanthus\u003c/i\u003e trees, likely newly established seedlings, whereas non-target species were asymptomatic. Our findings reveal that soil formulated and natural inocula are effective biocontrols against \u003ci\u003eAilanthus\u003c/i\u003e, and \u003ci\u003eV. nonalfalfae\u003c/i\u003e appears to pose little threat to non-target plants.","descriptionType":"Abstract"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"xml":"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