{"data":{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.1172367.v1","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.1172367.v1","prefix":"10.6084","suffix":"m9.figshare.1172367.v1","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Loy, Adam","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Adam","familyName":"Loy","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Hofmann, Heike","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Heike","familyName":"Hofmann","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Are you Normal? The Problem of Confounded Residual Structures in Hierarchical Linear Models"}],"publisher":"Taylor \u0026 Francis","container":{},"publicationYear":2014,"subjects":[{"subject":"Plant Biology"},{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Science Policy"},{"subject":"Inorganic Chemistry"},{"subject":"FOS: Chemical sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Chemical sciences","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Mathematics"},{"subject":"FOS: Mathematics","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"FOS: Mathematics","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Biological Sciences"},{"subject":"Ecology"},{"subject":"Biotechnology"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2014-09-15","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2016-01-19","dateType":"Updated"},{"date":"2014","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"ris":"DATA","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"dataset","schemaOrg":"Dataset","resourceType":"Dataset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Dataset"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsSupplementTo","relatedIdentifier":"10.1080/10618600.2014.960084","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"},{"relationType":"IsIdenticalTo","relatedIdentifier":"10.6084/m9.figshare.1172367","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["777938 Bytes"],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"We encounter hierarchical data structures in a wide range of applications. Regular linear models are extended by random effects to address correlation between observations in the same group. Inference for random effects is sensitive to distributional mis-specifications of the model, making checks for (distributional) assumptions particularly important. The investigation of residual structures is complicated by the presence of different levels and corresponding dependencies. Ignoring these dependencies leads to erroneous conclusions using our familiar tools, such as Q-Q plots or normal tests. We first show the extent of the problem, then we introduce the \u003ci\u003efraction of confounding\u003c/i\u003e as a measure of the level of confounding in a model and finally introduce rotated random effects as a solution to assessing distributional model assumptions. This article has supplementary materials online.","descriptionType":"Abstract"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"xml":"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","url":"https://tandf.figshare.com/articles/dataset/Are_you_Normal_The_Problem_of_Confounded_Residual_Structures_in_Hierarchical_Linear_Models/1172367/1","contentUrl":null,"metadataVersion":2,"schemaVersion":"http://datacite.org/schema/kernel-4","source":"mds","isActive":true,"state":"findable","reason":null,"viewCount":0,"viewsOverTime":[],"downloadCount":0,"downloadsOverTime":[],"referenceCount":0,"citationCount":0,"citationsOverTime":[],"partCount":0,"partOfCount":0,"versionCount":0,"versionOfCount":0,"created":"2016-01-19T08:01:54.000Z","registered":"2016-01-19T08:01:55.000Z","published":"2014","updated":"2020-09-04T21:25:25.000Z"},"relationships":{"client":{"data":{"id":"figshare.ars","type":"clients"}},"provider":{"data":{"id":"otjm","type":"providers"}},"media":{"data":{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.1172367.v1","type":"media"}},"references":{"data":[]},"citations":{"data":[]},"parts":{"data":[]},"partOf":{"data":[]},"versions":{"data":[]},"versionOf":{"data":[]}}}}