{"data":{"id":"10.6084/m9.figshare.1007605.v1","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.6084/m9.figshare.1007605.v1","prefix":"10.6084","suffix":"m9.figshare.1007605.v1","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Thompson, Jason","givenName":"Jason","familyName":"Thompson","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Savino, Giovanni","givenName":"Giovanni","familyName":"Savino","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Stevenson, Mark","givenName":"Mark","familyName":"Stevenson","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Reconsidering the Safety in Numbers Effect for Vulnerable Road Users: An Application Of Agent-Based Modeling"}],"publisher":"Taylor \u0026 Francis","container":{},"publicationYear":2015,"subjects":[{"subject":"Science Policy"},{"subject":"Mathematics"},{"subject":"FOS: Mathematics","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Biological Sciences"},{"subject":"Sociology"},{"subject":"FOS: Sociology","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Ecology"},{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Earth and Environmental Sciences"},{"subject":"Molecular Biology"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2015-01-30","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2026-02-17","dateType":"Updated"},{"date":"2015","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"ris":"DATA","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"dataset","schemaOrg":"Dataset","resourceType":"Dataset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Dataset"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsPreviousVersionOf","relatedIdentifier":"10.6084/m9.figshare.1007605","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"},{"relationType":"IsSupplementTo","relatedIdentifier":"10.1080/15389588.2014.914626","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["0 Bytes"],"formats":[],"version":"1","rightsList":[{"rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"ABSTRACT\u003cb\u003eObjective:\u003c/b\u003e Increasing levels of active transport provides benefits in relation to chronic disease and emissions reduction, but it may be associated with an increased risk of road trauma. The safety in numbers (SiN) effect is often regarded as a solution to this issue, however, the mechanisms underlying its influence are largely unknown. We aimed to; i) replicate the SiN effect within a simple, simulated environment, and; ii) vary bicycle density within the environment to better understand the circumstances under which SiN applies.\u003cb\u003eMethods:\u003c/b\u003e Using an agent-based modelling approach, we constructed a virtual transport system that increased the number of bicycles from 9% to 35% of total vehicles over a period of 1000 time units while holding the number of cars in the system constant. We then repeated this experiment under conditions of progressively decreasing bicycle density.\u003cb\u003eResults:\u003c/b\u003e We demonstrated that the SiN effect can be reproduced in a virtual environment, closely approximating the exponential relationships between cycling numbers and the relative risk of collision as shown in observational studies. The association, however, was highly contingent upon bicycle density. The relative risk of collisions between cars and bicycles with increasing bicycle numbers showed an association that is progressively linear at decreasing levels of density.\u003cb\u003eConclusions:\u003c/b\u003e Agent-based modeling may provide a useful tool for understanding the mechanisms underpinning the relationships previously observed between volume and risk under the assumptions of SiN. The SiN effect may apply only under circumstances in which bicycle density also increases over time. Additional mechanisms underpinning the SiN effect, independent of behavioural adjustment by drivers, are explored.","descriptionType":"Abstract"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"xml":"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