{"data":{"id":"10.5281/zenodo.21990198","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.5281/zenodo.21990198","prefix":"10.5281","suffix":"zenodo.21990198","identifiers":[{"identifier":"oai:zenodo.org:21990198","identifierType":"oai"}],"alternateIdentifiers":[{"alternateIdentifierType":"oai","alternateIdentifier":"oai:zenodo.org:21990198"}],"creators":[{"name":"Ehstand, Andreas","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Andreas","familyName":"Ehstand","affiliation":["AUGMANITAI Independent Research"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"0009-0006-3773-7796","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]}],"titles":[{"title":"Swarms and Multi-Agent Collectives: Why the Measurement Line Decides Success or Mismeasurement (Conceptual Note, EN/DE)"}],"publisher":"Zenodo","container":{},"publicationYear":2026,"subjects":[{"subject":"human-ai collaboration"},{"subject":"team cognition"},{"subject":"system boundary"},{"subject":"distributed cognition"},{"subject":"extended cognition"},{"subject":"research methods"},{"subject":"measurement"},{"subject":"conceptual note"},{"subject":"multi-agent systems"},{"subject":"swarms"},{"subject":"human oversight"},{"subject":"artificial intelligence"},{"subject":"swarm robotics"},{"subject":"swarm intelligence"},{"subject":"human-swarm interaction"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2026-08-18","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"ris":"RPRT","bibtex":"article","citeproc":"article-journal","schemaOrg":"ScholarlyArticle","resourceType":"Working paper","resourceTypeGeneral":"Text"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsPartOf","relatedIdentifier":"10.5281/zenodo.20161494","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"},{"relationType":"IsVersionOf","relatedIdentifier":"10.5281/zenodo.21990197","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":[],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rights":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rightsIdentifier":"cc-by-4.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Short conceptual note (bilingual EN/DE). This note applies a descriptive method to swarms and multi-agent collectives. Here those words name a scientific class of software role-collectives of general-purpose models, not a particular framework or product. A unit in this class may include many general-purpose models in distinct roles under human steering, together with a lasting external record, tools that carry out steps, and a return path from an independent outside world. Capability is not assigned to the busiest model, to a majority among models, or to the human dispatcher alone. It is assigned, if at all, after a measurement line has been drawn around the coupled unit that produced the work. In this class the line can be misplaced, because many talking parts invite many wrong objects of measurement. A collective can look capable because failed roles were discarded before the score. It can look weak because one role was scored as if it were the unit. Transfer fails if a single model, a human without the role-split, or a swarm talking to itself produces the same work under previously stated limits. The method describes work units. It does not evaluate persons. Nothing here is proof or advice on how to run a collective.\nDeutsche Fassung enthalten: Schwärme und Mehr-Agenten-Verbünde — warum die Messlinie über Erfolg oder Fehlmessung entscheidet\nThis deposit may receive metadata refinements within the metadata refinement window without affecting the deposited files. Part of a series of short conceptual notes applying one descriptive method to different fields. AI-assisted preparation, author-reviewed (Art. 50 EU AI Act transparency notice). License: CC BY 4.0.","descriptionType":"Abstract"},{"description":"Metadata refinement window applies. 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