{"data":{"id":"10.5061/dryad.zkh1893d3","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.5061/dryad.zkh1893d3","prefix":"10.5061","suffix":"dryad.zkh1893d3","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Evans, Zara","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Zara","familyName":"Evans","affiliation":["University of British Columbia"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Paskulin, Lindsey","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Lindsey","familyName":"Paskulin","affiliation":["University of British Columbia"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Rahemtulla, Farid","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Farid","familyName":"Rahemtulla","affiliation":["University of Northern British Columbia"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Speller, Camilla","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Camilla","familyName":"Speller","affiliation":["University of British Columbia"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7128-9903","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]}],"titles":[{"title":"A comparison of minimally-invasive sampling techniques for ZooMS analysis of bone artifacts: MALDI-TOF mass spectra"}],"publisher":"Dryad","container":{},"publicationYear":2022,"subjects":[{"subject":"FOS: History and archaeology","schemeUri":"https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"fos"},{"subject":"FOS: History and archaeology","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"minimally invasive sampling"},{"subject":"ZooMS"},{"subject":"worked bone artefacts"},{"subject":"MALDI-TOF-MS"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2022-10-31T18:22:03Z","dateType":"Submitted"},{"date":"2022-11-15T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Issued"},{"date":"2022-11-15T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Available"},{"date":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Updated"}],"language":"en","types":{"ris":"DATA","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"dataset","schemaOrg":"Dataset","resourceType":"dataset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Dataset"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsCitedBy","relatedIdentifier":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103738","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["169392035 bytes"],"formats":[],"version":"4","rightsList":[{"rights":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rightsIdentifier":"cc0-1.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Bone and antler are important raw materials for tool manufacture in many\n cultures, past and present. The modification of osseous features which\n take place during artifact manufacture frequently makes it difficult to\n identify either the bone element or the host animal, which can limit our\n understanding of the cultural, economic, and/or symbolic factors which\n influence raw material acquisition and use. While biomolecular approaches\n can provide taxonomic identifications of bone or antler artifacts, these\n methods are frequently destructive, raising concerns about invasive\n sampling of culturally-important artifacts or belongings. Collagen peptide\n mass fingerprinting (Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry or ZooMS) can\n provide robust taxonomic identifications of bone and antler artifacts.\n While the ZooMS method commonly involves destructive subsampling,\n minimally-invasive sampling techniques based on the triboelectric effect\n have also been proposed. In this paper, we compare three previously\n proposed minimally-invasive sampling methods (forced bag, eraser, and\n polishing film) on an assemblage of 15 bone artifacts from the pre-contact\n site EjTa-4, a large midden complex located on Calvert Island, British\n Columbia, Canada. We compare the results of the minimally-invasive methods\n to 10 fragmentary remains sampled using the conventional destructive ZooMS\n method. We assess the reliability and effectiveness of these methods by\n comparing MALDI-TOF spectral quality, the number of diagnostic and high\n molecular weight peaks as well as the taxonomic resolution reached after\n identification. We find that coarse fiber-optic polishing films are the\n most effective of the minimally-invasive techniques compared in this\n study, and that the spectral quality produced by this minimally-invasive\n method was not significantly different from the conventional destructive\n method. Our results suggest that this minimally-invasive sampling\n technique for ZooMS can be successfully applied to culturally significant\n artifacts, providing comparable taxonomic identifications to the\n conventional, destructive ZooMS method.","descriptionType":"Abstract"},{"description":"Fifteen bone artifacts were sampled for ZooMS using three different minimally-invasive techniques: forced bag, eraser, and coarse polishing film. Sampling was conducted following modified versions of the outlined procedures in Fiddyment et al. (2015) for the eraser method (E), in McGrath et al. (2019) for forced bag method (B), and in Kirby et al. (2020) for polishing disc method (P). Sampling and extraction blanks were included for all three methods. Additionally, 10 bone fragments from Calvert Island were analyzed using the destructive acid (0.6 M HCl) demineralisation method (Buckley et al., 2009; as modified in McGrath et al., 2019). Six bone objects were tested using two different types of ultra-fine polishing film: coarse (fiber optic polishing film disc with aluminum oxide grit size of 30µm) (P1) and fine (aluminum oxide grit size 6µm) (P2).  Following individual sampling procedures, all samples were gelatinized in AmBic at 65℃ for one hour; 50µL of the resulting supernatant was removed, and the remaining pellet was stored in the freezer. Samples were incubated overnight (12–18 hours) at 37℃ with 0.4 µg of trypsin. The trypsin was deactivated using 1 µL of 5% TFA solution. Collagen in the samples was purified and desalted using Pierce C18S Tips. Each purified sample was spotted in triplicate, along with calibration standards, onto a 384-spot Bruker MALDI ground steel target plate using 1 µL of sample and 1 µL of α-cyano-hydroxycinnamic acid matrix. The samples were run on a Bruker ultraflex III MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometer with a Nd:YAG smart beam laser at the University of York in York, UK, and a SNAP averaging algorithm was used to obtain monoisotopic masses (C 4.9384, N 1.3577, O 1.4773, S 0.0417, H 7.7583). Raw spectral data has been uploaded here.","descriptionType":"Methods"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[{"funderName":"New Frontiers in Research Fund*","awardNumber":"NFRFE-2018-00066"},{"schemeUri":"https://ror.org","funderName":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","awardNumber":"RGPIN-2019-04145","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/01h531d29","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"}],"xml":"<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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  <identifier identifierType="DOI">10.5061/DRYAD.ZKH1893D3</identifier>
  <creators>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Evans, Zara</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03rmrcq20" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of British Columbia</affiliation>
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    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Paskulin, Lindsey</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03rmrcq20" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of British Columbia</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Rahemtulla, Farid</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/025wzwv46" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of Northern British Columbia</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Speller, Camilla</creatorName>
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      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03rmrcq20" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of British Columbia</affiliation>
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  <titles>
    <title>
      A comparison of minimally-invasive sampling techniques for ZooMS analysis
      of bone artifacts: MALDI-TOF mass spectra
    </title>
  </titles>
  <publisher publisherIdentifier="https://ror.org/00x6h5n95" publisherIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org/">Dryad</publisher>
  <resourceType resourceTypeGeneral="Dataset">dataset</resourceType>
  <publicationYear>2022</publicationYear>
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    <subject subjectScheme="fos" schemeURI="https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf">FOS: History and archaeology</subject>
    <subject>minimally invasive sampling</subject>
    <subject>ZooMS</subject>
    <subject>worked bone artefacts</subject>
    <subject>MALDI-TOF-MS</subject>
  </subjects>
  <fundingReferences>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>New Frontiers in Research Fund*</funderName>
      <awardNumber>NFRFE-2018-00066</awardNumber>
    </fundingReference>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council</funderName>
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    <date dateType="Submitted">2022-10-31T18:22:03Z</date>
    <date dateType="Issued">2022-11-15T00:00:00Z</date>
    <date dateType="Available">2022-11-15T00:00:00Z</date>
    <date dateType="Updated">2022-11-22T00:00:00Z</date>
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  <language>en</language>
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  <descriptions>
    <description descriptionType="Abstract">
      Bone and antler are important raw materials for tool manufacture in many
      cultures, past and present. The modification of osseous features which
      take place during artifact manufacture frequently makes it difficult to
      identify either the bone element or the host animal, which can limit our
      understanding of the cultural, economic, and/or symbolic factors which
      influence raw material acquisition and use. While biomolecular approaches
      can provide taxonomic identifications of bone or antler artifacts, these
      methods are frequently destructive, raising concerns about invasive
      sampling of culturally-important artifacts or belongings. Collagen peptide
      mass fingerprinting (Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry or ZooMS) can
      provide robust taxonomic identifications of bone and antler artifacts.
      While the ZooMS method commonly involves destructive subsampling,
      minimally-invasive sampling techniques based on the triboelectric effect
      have also been proposed. In this paper, we compare three previously
      proposed minimally-invasive sampling methods (forced bag, eraser, and
      polishing film) on an assemblage of 15 bone artifacts from the pre-contact
      site EjTa-4, a large midden complex located on Calvert Island, British
      Columbia, Canada. We compare the results of the minimally-invasive methods
      to 10 fragmentary remains sampled using the conventional destructive ZooMS
      method. We assess the reliability and effectiveness of these methods by
      comparing MALDI-TOF spectral quality, the number of diagnostic and high
      molecular weight peaks as well as the taxonomic resolution reached after
      identification. We find that coarse fiber-optic polishing films are the
      most effective of the minimally-invasive techniques compared in this
      study, and that the spectral quality produced by this minimally-invasive
      method was not significantly different from the conventional destructive
      method. Our results suggest that this minimally-invasive sampling
      technique for ZooMS can be successfully applied to culturally significant
      artifacts, providing comparable taxonomic identifications to the
      conventional, destructive ZooMS method.
    </description>
    <description descriptionType="Methods">
      &lt;p&gt;&lt;span
      id="docs-internal-guid-b37e14a2-7fff-6b74-cce5-0eceab8731b1"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p dir="ltr"&gt;Fifteen bone artifacts were sampled for ZooMS using three different minimally-invasive techniques: forced bag, eraser, and coarse polishing film. Sampling was conducted following modified versions of the outlined procedures in Fiddyment et al. (2015) for the eraser method (E), in McGrath et al. (2019) for forced bag method (B), and in Kirby et al. (2020) for polishing disc method (P). Sampling and extraction blanks were included for all three methods. Additionally, 10 bone fragments from Calvert Island were analyzed using the destructive acid (0.6 M HCl) demineralisation method (Buckley et al., 2009; as modified in McGrath et al., 2019). Six bone objects were tested using two different types of ultra-fine polishing film: coarse (fiber optic polishing film disc with aluminum oxide grit size of 30µm) (P1) and fine (aluminum oxide grit size 6µm) (P2).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p dir="ltr"&gt; Following individual sampling procedures, all samples were gelatinized in AmBic at 65℃ for one hour; 50µL of the resulting supernatant was removed, and the remaining pellet was stored in the freezer. Samples were incubated overnight (12–18 hours) at 37℃ with 0.4 µg of trypsin. The trypsin was deactivated using 1 µL of 5% TFA solution. Collagen in the samples was purified and desalted using Pierce C18S Tips. Each purified sample was spotted in triplicate, along with calibration standards, onto a 384-spot Bruker MALDI ground steel target plate using 1 µL of sample and 1 µL of α-cyano-hydroxycinnamic acid matrix. The samples were run on a Bruker ultraflex III MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometer with a Nd:YAG smart beam laser at the University of York in York, UK, and a SNAP averaging algorithm was used to obtain monoisotopic masses (C 4.9384, N 1.3577, O 1.4773, S 0.0417, H 7.7583). Raw spectral data has been uploaded here.&lt;/p&gt;
    </description>
  </descriptions>
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