{"data":{"id":"10.5061/dryad.wwpzgmt01","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.5061/dryad.wwpzgmt01","prefix":"10.5061","suffix":"dryad.wwpzgmt01","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Bess, Elizabeth","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["University of California, Irvine"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0349-0423","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Balsamo, Julia","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["University of California, Irvine"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2140-4043","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]}],"titles":[{"title":"Data for: Multiomic analysis reveals molecular pathways associated with intestinal aggregation of α-synuclein"}],"publisher":"Dryad","container":{},"publicationYear":2026,"subjects":[{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","schemeUri":"https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"fos"},{"subject":"FOS: Chemical sciences","schemeUri":"https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"fos"},{"subject":"FOS: Nano-technology","schemeUri":"https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"fos"},{"subject":"Parkinson disease","schemeUri":"https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus","subjectScheme":"PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus"},{"subject":"Protein aggregation","schemeUri":"https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus","subjectScheme":"PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus"},{"subject":"Microbiome","schemeUri":"https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus","subjectScheme":"PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus"},{"subject":"Proteomics","schemeUri":"https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus","subjectScheme":"PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus"},{"subject":"Dopamine","schemeUri":"https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus","subjectScheme":"PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus"},{"subject":"Lipid profiles","schemeUri":"https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus","subjectScheme":"PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2026-07-08T19:28:41Z","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2026-07-08T19:28:45Z","dateType":"Submitted"},{"date":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Issued"},{"date":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Available"}],"language":"en","types":{"ris":"DATA","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"dataset","schemaOrg":"Dataset","resourceType":"dataset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Dataset"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsCitedBy","relatedIdentifier":"10.1021/acschembio.5c00686","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["1283417 bytes"],"formats":[],"version":"4","rightsList":[{"rights":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rightsIdentifier":"cc0-1.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Aggregates of the protein α-synuclein may initially form in the gut before\n propagating to the brain in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Indeed, our prior\n work supports that enteroendocrine cells, specialized intestinal\n epithelial cells, could play a key role in the development of this\n disease. Enteroendocrine cells natively express α-synuclein and form\n synapses with enteric neurons as well as the vagus nerve. Severing the\n vagus nerve reduces the load of α-synuclein aggregates in the brain,\n suggesting that this nerve is a conduit for gut-to-brain spread.\n Enteroendocrine cells line the gut lumen; as such, they are in constant\n contact with metabolites of the gut microbiota. We previously found that\n when enteroendocrine cells are exposed to nitritea potent oxidant produced\n by gut bacterial Enterobacteriaceaea biochemical pathway is initiated that\n results in α-synuclein aggregation. Here, we detail the cellular and\n molecular mechanisms involved. First, we holistically profiled\n nitrite-exposed enteroendocrine cells through untargeted proteomics. Next,\n we performed targeted analyses that specifically probed the mechanistic\n role of dopamine, as our prior findings suggested that dopamine is\n critical for nitrite-induced α-synuclein aggregation. In dopamine-free\n HeLa cells treated with nitrite, α-synuclein aggregation was indeed\n suppressed. Proteomic signatures in dopamine-free cells treated with\n nitrite were distinct from those in nitrite-treated enteroendocrine cells,\n highlighting pathways relevant to intestinal development of PD.\n Intriguingly, we observed that enteroendocrine cells maintain viability\n upon exposure to nitrite and in the presence of α-synuclein aggregates.\n This cellular robustness suggests that these cells may be a reservoir of\n toxic α-synuclein aggregates. As a possible antidote, our findings show\n that benserazide and α-methyl tyrosine, chemical inhibitors of dopamine\n biosynthesis, limited aggregation. Curious about mechanisms of disease\n etiology outside of α-synuclein aggregation, we also profiled the\n enteroendocrine cell lipidome, an emerging area of interest in PD\n research, to motivate future targeted studies delineating the roles of\n dysregulated lipid metabolism in disease onset. Overall, these studies lay\n a foundation for mechanistically informed therapeutic targets to prevent\n the intestinal formation of α-synuclein aggregates before they spread to\n the brain.","descriptionType":"Abstract"},{"description":"# Data for: Multiomic analysis reveals molecular pathways associated with\n intestinal aggregation of α-synuclein Dataset DOI:\n [10.5061/dryad.wwpzgmt01](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.wwpzgmt01) ##\n Description of the data and file structure This dataset contains raw data\n for Balsamo, J. M.; Yan, Y.; Thai, D.; Cologna, S. M.; Bess, E. N. *ACS\n Chem. Biol.* **2026**, *21*, 1, 83–95. Data files are named according to\n the figure of the manuscript they were used in and include Prism files of\n all bar graphs and plots to enable access to raw data and data analysis.\n The data were collected with multiple methods, including an MTT cell\n viability assay, MitoSox mitochondrial dysfunction assay,\n immunofluorescence microscopy, proteomics, and lipidomics. ### Files and\n variables #### File: Multiomics_paper_data_and_figures.prism\n **Description:** Compiled Prism files of all raw data values for each\n experiment and compiled into each figure in the paper. Any missing values\n are blank cells, if applicable. All error bars are ± SEM. * MitoSOX: data\n for superoxide generation; normalized fluorescence intensity values for\n EECs treated with nitrite (0.005-50 mM), nitrate (0.005-50 mM), antimycin\n A (AMA; 50 uM), and vehicle; significance determined by one-way ANOVA with\n Sidak’s multiple comparison test. * MTT: data for cell viability; percent\n alive values for nitrite (0.005-50 mM), nitrate (0.005-50 mM), and\n untreated EECs; significance determined by one-way ANOVA with Sidak’s\n multiple comparison test. * Benz STC-1s: mean fluorescence intensity per\n cell values (arbitrary units, a.u.) for STC-1s treated with 50 mM nitrate,\n 50 mM nitrite, and/or 0.01 mM benserazide (benz); significance determined\n by one-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparison test. * NO2- vs NO3-\n STC-1 proteomics volcano plot: volcano plot showing differentially\n expressed proteins (cyan = downregulated, coral = upregulated) in STC-1\n cells treated with 50 mM nitrite vs 50 mM nitrate. The P-value cutoff was\n 0.05. Plotted as log2(FoldChange) vs -log10(adjusted P-value). * NO2- vs\n control STC-1 proteomics volcano plot: volcano plot showing differentially\n expressed proteins (cyan = downregulated, coral = upregulated) in STC-1\n cells treated with 50 mM nitrite vs vehicle control. The P-value cutoff\n was 0.05. Plotted as log2(FoldChange) vs -log10(adjusted P-value). * NO3-\n vs control STC-1 proteomics volcano plot: volcano plot showing\n differentially expressed proteins (cyan = downregulated, coral =\n upregulated) in STC-1 cells treated with 50 mM nitrate vs vehicle control.\n The P-value cutoff was 0.05. Plotted as log2(FoldChange) vs\n -log10(adjusted P-value). * NO2- STC-1 unique protein pathways: pathways\n associated with nitrite-treated STC-1 cells; proteins unique to 50 mM\n nitrite-treated STC-1 cells were identified after comparison between\n significantly altered proteins in both the nitrite-treated vs untreated\n cells and the nitrate-treated vs untreated cells-their -log10(P-value)\n values are included for plotting here. * NO2- vs NO3- HeLa proteomics\n volcano plot: volcano plot showing differentially expressed proteins (cyan\n = downregulated, coral = upregulated) in HeLa cells treated with 50 mM\n nitrite vs 50 mM nitrate. The P-value cutoff was 0.05. Plotted as\n log2(FoldChange) vs -log10(adjusted P-value). * NO2- vs control HeLa\n proteomics volcano plot: volcano plot showing differentially expressed\n proteins (cyan = downregulated, coral = upregulated) in HeLa cells treated\n with 50 mM nitrite vs vehicle control. The P-value cutoff was 0.05.\n Plotted as log2(FoldChange) vs -log10(adjusted P-value). * NO3- vs control\n HeLa proteomics volcano plot: volcano plot showing differentially\n expressed proteins (cyan = downregulated, coral = upregulated) in HeLa\n cells treated with 50 mM nitrate vs vehicle control. The P-value cutoff\n was 0.05. Plotted as log2(FoldChange) vs -log10(adjusted P-value). - NO2-\n HeLa unique protein pathways: pathways associated with nitrite-treated\n HeLa cells; proteins unique to 50 mM nitrite-treated HeLa cells were\n identified after comparison between significantly altered proteins in both\n the nitrite-treated vs untreated cells and the nitrate-treated vs\n untreated cells-their -log10(P-value) values are included for plotting\n here. - NO2- vs NO3- STC-1 lipidomics volcano plot: volcano plot showing\n differentially altered abundance (cyan = downregulated, coral =\n upregulated) in STC-1 cells treated with 50 mM nitrite vs 50 mM nitrate.\n The P-value cutoff was 0.05. Plotted as log2(FoldChange) vs\n -log10(adjusted P-value). - NO2- vs control STC-1 lipidomics volcano plot:\n volcano plot showing differentially altered abundance (cyan =\n downregulated, coral = upregulated) in STC-1 cells treated with 50 mM\n nitrite vs vehicle control. The P-value cutoff was 0.05. Plotted as\n log2(FoldChange) vs -log10(adjusted P-value). - NO3- vs control STC-1\n lipidomics volcano plot: volcano plot showing differentially altered\n abundance (cyan = downregulated, coral = upregulated) in STC-1 cells\n treated with 50 mM nitrate vs vehicle control. The P-value cutoff was\n 0.05. Plotted as log2(FoldChange) vs -log10(adjusted P-value). -\n Identified lipid species per class: data for parts of the whole plot of\n the number of lipids in each class that make up the lipids identified. -\n Grouped heat map: Lipid species-based heat map depicting fold-change in\n each of the three treatment conditions (50 mM nitrite, 50 mM nitrate, and\n untreated). *P*-value cutoff was 0.05. - Simplified heat map: Lipid\n class-based heat map depicting mean fold-change in each of the three\n treatment conditions (50 mM nitrite, 50 mM nitrate, and\n untreated). *P*-value cutoff was 0.05. - Median heat map: Lipid\n class-based heat map depicting median fold-change of significantly altered\n lipid species across different treatment groups (50 mM nitrite, 50 mM\n nitrate, and untreated). Boxes in gray denote excluded lipid classes due\n to nonsignificant *P*-values; *P*-value cutoff was 0.05. - Confirming\n aggregation before lysis: Figure S1B; mean fluorescence intensity per\n STC-1 cell (arbitrary unit, a.u.) was quantified for 50 mM nitrite- and 50\n mM nitrate-treated STC-1 cells. Significance was determined by an unpaired\n t-test. ## Code/software Graphpad Prism is required to view the .prism\n files. Software and app updates were kept current.","descriptionType":"TechnicalInfo"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[{"awardUri":"https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10941883","awardTitle":"\n        Discovery of Chemical Factors in the Gut Microbiome that Control\n        Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation in Parkinson's Disease\n      ","funderName":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","awardNumber":"1R01NS138879-01","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"awardTitle":"\n        Tracking alpha-synuclein from enteroendocrine cells to the enteric\n        nervous system\n      ","funderName":"Research Corporation for Science Advancement","awardNumber":"28648","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/00jp8d455","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"awardTitle":"\n        Tracking alpha-synuclein from enteroendocrine cells to the enteric\n        nervous system\n      ","funderName":"Research Corporation for Science Advancement","awardNumber":"28647","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/00jp8d455","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"funderName":"Walder Foundation"}],"xml":"<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Bess, Elizabeth</creatorName>
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      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/04gyf1771" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, Irvine</affiliation>
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  </creators>
  <titles>
    <title>
      Data for: Multiomic analysis reveals molecular pathways associated with
      intestinal aggregation of α-synuclein
    </title>
  </titles>
  <publisher publisherIdentifier="https://ror.org/00x6h5n95" publisherIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org/">Dryad</publisher>
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    <subject subjectScheme="fos" schemeURI="https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf">FOS: Chemical sciences</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="fos" schemeURI="https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf">FOS: Nano-technology</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus" schemeURI="https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus">Parkinson disease</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus" schemeURI="https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus">Protein aggregation</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus" schemeURI="https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus">Microbiome</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus" schemeURI="https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus">Proteomics</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus" schemeURI="https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus">Dopamine</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus" schemeURI="https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus">Lipid profiles</subject>
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      <funderIdentifier funderIdentifierType="ROR">https://ror.org/01s5ya894</funderIdentifier>
      <awardNumber awardURI="https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10941883">1R01NS138879-01</awardNumber>
      <awardTitle>
        Discovery of Chemical Factors in the Gut Microbiome that Control
        Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation in Parkinson's Disease
      </awardTitle>
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      <funderName>Research Corporation for Science Advancement</funderName>
      <funderIdentifier funderIdentifierType="ROR">https://ror.org/00jp8d455</funderIdentifier>
      <awardNumber>28648</awardNumber>
      <awardTitle>
        Tracking alpha-synuclein from enteroendocrine cells to the enteric
        nervous system
      </awardTitle>
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      <funderName>Research Corporation for Science Advancement</funderName>
      <funderIdentifier funderIdentifierType="ROR">https://ror.org/00jp8d455</funderIdentifier>
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        Tracking alpha-synuclein from enteroendocrine cells to the enteric
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    <date dateType="Created">2026-07-08T19:28:41Z</date>
    <date dateType="Submitted">2026-07-08T19:28:45Z</date>
    <date dateType="Issued">2026-08-28T00:00:00Z</date>
    <date dateType="Available">2026-08-28T00:00:00Z</date>
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  <descriptions>
    <description descriptionType="Abstract">
      Aggregates of the protein α-synuclein may initially form in the gut before
      propagating to the brain in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Indeed, our prior
      work supports that enteroendocrine cells, specialized intestinal
      epithelial cells, could play a key role in the development of this
      disease. Enteroendocrine cells natively express α-synuclein and form
      synapses with enteric neurons as well as the vagus nerve. Severing the
      vagus nerve reduces the load of α-synuclein aggregates in the brain,
      suggesting that this nerve is a conduit for gut-to-brain spread.
      Enteroendocrine cells line the gut lumen; as such, they are in constant
      contact with metabolites of the gut microbiota. We previously found that
      when enteroendocrine cells are exposed to nitritea potent oxidant produced
      by gut bacterial Enterobacteriaceaea biochemical pathway is initiated that
      results in α-synuclein aggregation. Here, we detail the cellular and
      molecular mechanisms involved. First, we holistically profiled
      nitrite-exposed enteroendocrine cells through untargeted proteomics. Next,
      we performed targeted analyses that specifically probed the mechanistic
      role of dopamine, as our prior findings suggested that dopamine is
      critical for nitrite-induced α-synuclein aggregation. In dopamine-free
      HeLa cells treated with nitrite, α-synuclein aggregation was indeed
      suppressed. Proteomic signatures in dopamine-free cells treated with
      nitrite were distinct from those in nitrite-treated enteroendocrine cells,
      highlighting pathways relevant to intestinal development of PD.
      Intriguingly, we observed that enteroendocrine cells maintain viability
      upon exposure to nitrite and in the presence of α-synuclein aggregates.
      This cellular robustness suggests that these cells may be a reservoir of
      toxic α-synuclein aggregates. As a possible antidote, our findings show
      that benserazide and α-methyl tyrosine, chemical inhibitors of dopamine
      biosynthesis, limited aggregation. Curious about mechanisms of disease
      etiology outside of α-synuclein aggregation, we also profiled the
      enteroendocrine cell lipidome, an emerging area of interest in PD
      research, to motivate future targeted studies delineating the roles of
      dysregulated lipid metabolism in disease onset. Overall, these studies lay
      a foundation for mechanistically informed therapeutic targets to prevent
      the intestinal formation of α-synuclein aggregates before they spread to
      the brain.
    </description>
    <description descriptionType="TechnicalInfo">
      # Data for: Multiomic analysis reveals molecular pathways associated with
      intestinal aggregation of α-synuclein Dataset DOI:
      [10.5061/dryad.wwpzgmt01](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.wwpzgmt01) ##
      Description of the data and file structure This dataset contains raw data
      for Balsamo, J. M.; Yan, Y.; Thai, D.; Cologna, S. M.; Bess, E. N. *ACS
      Chem. Biol.* **2026**, *21*, 1, 83–95. Data files are named according to
      the figure of the manuscript they were used in and include Prism files of
      all bar graphs and plots to enable access to raw data and data analysis.
      The data were collected with multiple methods, including an MTT cell
      viability assay, MitoSox mitochondrial dysfunction assay,
      immunofluorescence microscopy, proteomics, and lipidomics. ### Files and
      variables #### File: Multiomics_paper_data_and_figures.prism
      **Description:** Compiled Prism files of all raw data values for each
      experiment and compiled into each figure in the paper. Any missing values
      are blank cells, if applicable. All error bars are ± SEM. * MitoSOX: data
      for superoxide generation; normalized fluorescence intensity values for
      EECs treated with nitrite (0.005-50 mM), nitrate (0.005-50 mM), antimycin
      A (AMA; 50 uM), and vehicle; significance determined by one-way ANOVA with
      Sidak’s multiple comparison test. * MTT: data for cell viability; percent
      alive values for nitrite (0.005-50 mM), nitrate (0.005-50 mM), and
      untreated EECs; significance determined by one-way ANOVA with Sidak’s
      multiple comparison test. * Benz STC-1s: mean fluorescence intensity per
      cell values (arbitrary units, a.u.) for STC-1s treated with 50 mM nitrate,
      50 mM nitrite, and/or 0.01 mM benserazide (benz); significance determined
      by one-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparison test. * NO2- vs NO3-
      STC-1 proteomics volcano plot: volcano plot showing differentially
      expressed proteins (cyan = downregulated, coral = upregulated) in STC-1
      cells treated with 50 mM nitrite vs 50 mM nitrate. The P-value cutoff was
      0.05. Plotted as log2(FoldChange) vs -log10(adjusted P-value). * NO2- vs
      control STC-1 proteomics volcano plot: volcano plot showing differentially
      expressed proteins (cyan = downregulated, coral = upregulated) in STC-1
      cells treated with 50 mM nitrite vs vehicle control. The P-value cutoff
      was 0.05. Plotted as log2(FoldChange) vs -log10(adjusted P-value). * NO3-
      vs control STC-1 proteomics volcano plot: volcano plot showing
      differentially expressed proteins (cyan = downregulated, coral =
      upregulated) in STC-1 cells treated with 50 mM nitrate vs vehicle control.
      The P-value cutoff was 0.05. Plotted as log2(FoldChange) vs
      -log10(adjusted P-value). * NO2- STC-1 unique protein pathways: pathways
      associated with nitrite-treated STC-1 cells; proteins unique to 50 mM
      nitrite-treated STC-1 cells were identified after comparison between
      significantly altered proteins in both the nitrite-treated vs untreated
      cells and the nitrate-treated vs untreated cells-their -log10(P-value)
      values are included for plotting here. * NO2- vs NO3- HeLa proteomics
      volcano plot: volcano plot showing differentially expressed proteins (cyan
      = downregulated, coral = upregulated) in HeLa cells treated with 50 mM
      nitrite vs 50 mM nitrate. The P-value cutoff was 0.05. Plotted as
      log2(FoldChange) vs -log10(adjusted P-value). * NO2- vs control HeLa
      proteomics volcano plot: volcano plot showing differentially expressed
      proteins (cyan = downregulated, coral = upregulated) in HeLa cells treated
      with 50 mM nitrite vs vehicle control. The P-value cutoff was 0.05.
      Plotted as log2(FoldChange) vs -log10(adjusted P-value). * NO3- vs control
      HeLa proteomics volcano plot: volcano plot showing differentially
      expressed proteins (cyan = downregulated, coral = upregulated) in HeLa
      cells treated with 50 mM nitrate vs vehicle control. The P-value cutoff
      was 0.05. Plotted as log2(FoldChange) vs -log10(adjusted P-value). - NO2-
      HeLa unique protein pathways: pathways associated with nitrite-treated
      HeLa cells; proteins unique to 50 mM nitrite-treated HeLa cells were
      identified after comparison between significantly altered proteins in both
      the nitrite-treated vs untreated cells and the nitrate-treated vs
      untreated cells-their -log10(P-value) values are included for plotting
      here. - NO2- vs NO3- STC-1 lipidomics volcano plot: volcano plot showing
      differentially altered abundance (cyan = downregulated, coral =
      upregulated) in STC-1 cells treated with 50 mM nitrite vs 50 mM nitrate.
      The P-value cutoff was 0.05. Plotted as log2(FoldChange) vs
      -log10(adjusted P-value). - NO2- vs control STC-1 lipidomics volcano plot:
      volcano plot showing differentially altered abundance (cyan =
      downregulated, coral = upregulated) in STC-1 cells treated with 50 mM
      nitrite vs vehicle control. The P-value cutoff was 0.05. Plotted as
      log2(FoldChange) vs -log10(adjusted P-value). - NO3- vs control STC-1
      lipidomics volcano plot: volcano plot showing differentially altered
      abundance (cyan = downregulated, coral = upregulated) in STC-1 cells
      treated with 50 mM nitrate vs vehicle control. The P-value cutoff was
      0.05. Plotted as log2(FoldChange) vs -log10(adjusted P-value). -
      Identified lipid species per class: data for parts of the whole plot of
      the number of lipids in each class that make up the lipids identified. -
      Grouped heat map: Lipid species-based heat map depicting fold-change in
      each of the three treatment conditions (50 mM nitrite, 50 mM nitrate, and
      untreated). *P*-value cutoff was 0.05. - Simplified heat map: Lipid
      class-based heat map depicting mean fold-change in each of the three
      treatment conditions (50 mM nitrite, 50 mM nitrate, and
      untreated). *P*-value cutoff was 0.05. - Median heat map: Lipid
      class-based heat map depicting median fold-change of significantly altered
      lipid species across different treatment groups (50 mM nitrite, 50 mM
      nitrate, and untreated). Boxes in gray denote excluded lipid classes due
      to nonsignificant *P*-values; *P*-value cutoff was 0.05. - Confirming
      aggregation before lysis: Figure S1B; mean fluorescence intensity per
      STC-1 cell (arbitrary unit, a.u.) was quantified for 50 mM nitrite- and 50
      mM nitrate-treated STC-1 cells. Significance was determined by an unpaired
      t-test. ## Code/software Graphpad Prism is required to view the .prism
      files. Software and app updates were kept current.
    </description>
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