{"data":{"id":"10.5061/dryad.qfttdz0qf","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.5061/dryad.qfttdz0qf","prefix":"10.5061","suffix":"dryad.qfttdz0qf","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Nordström, Karin","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Karin","familyName":"Nordström","affiliation":["Flinders University"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6020-6348","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Dyakova, Olga","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Olga","familyName":"Dyakova","affiliation":["Uppsala University"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Benedict, Christian","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Christian","familyName":"Benedict","affiliation":["Uppsala University"],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Image statistics substantiate Gaudí's naturalistic design principles"}],"publisher":"Dryad","container":{},"publicationYear":2025,"subjects":[{"subject":"FOS: Basic medicine","schemeUri":"https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"fos"},{"subject":"FOS: Basic medicine","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"antoni gaudi"},{"subject":"natural scenes"},{"subject":"images"},{"subject":"amplitude spectrum slope"},{"subject":"Entropy","schemeUri":"https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus","subjectScheme":"PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2024-01-24T00:32:44Z","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2025-03-15T15:23:58Z","dateType":"Submitted"},{"date":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Issued"},{"date":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Available"}],"language":"en","types":{"ris":"DATA","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"dataset","schemaOrg":"Dataset","resourceType":"dataset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Dataset"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsCitedBy","relatedIdentifier":"10.1038/s41598-025-06007-8","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["279796985 bytes"],"formats":[],"version":"9","rightsList":[{"rights":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rightsIdentifier":"cc0-1.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Human observers perceive natural scenes differently from man-made\n environments, and this distinction can be quantified using image\n statistics. However, there is limited evidence on how the architectural\n style of buildings influences these statistics and, consequently, visual\n perception. Understanding this relationship is crucial, as architectural\n design shapes our visual and psychological experience of built\n environments. The amplitude spectrum slope reflects the sharpness and\n detail of the image. This measure tends to be closer to 1 among\n photographs of natural scenes compared to those of man-made objects.\n Additionally, photographs with higher entropy, indicating increased\n unpredictability and information, are more likely to capture attention. In\n the present study, we examined photographs of buildings designed by Antoni\n Gaudí (1852-1926), known for his nature-inspired creations. Our analysis\n reveals that photographs of Gaudí's buildings exhibited an average\n amplitude spectrum slope more aligned with natural scenes than\n contemporary structures, along with higher image entropy, indicating\n greater visual complexity. Notably, the presence of trees in front of\n contemporary buildings enhances their naturalistic qualities, reflected in\n shifts in amplitude spectrum slope and entropy toward values\n characteristic of natural scenes. These findings suggest that integrating\n naturalistic design elements into architecture can modify image\n statistics, potentially influencing perception and aesthetic experience.","descriptionType":"Abstract"},{"description":"Please read associated README file","descriptionType":"Methods"},{"description":"# Title of Dataset: \"Image Statistics Substantiate Gaudí's\n Naturalistic Design Principles\" Authors: Olga Dyakova, Karin\n Nordström, Christian Benedict \\[Access this dataset on Dryad](Dataset DOI\n link) ## Description of the data and file structure Below is a list of\n files, including raw images and analysis, associated with the paper. .csv\n - Data is provided in Excel format and can be viewed or edited using\n programs such as LibreOffice Calc, OpenOffice Calc, Microsoft Excel, or\n imported into Google Sheets. .m - MATLAB scripts for image analysis.\n .prism GraphPad Prism files for statistical analysis, viewable and\n editable with GraphPad Prism software. ## Description of the data and file\n structure **Data.csv** This Excel file contains data for future analysis:\n * The column **entropy: Gaudí's buildings** contains entropy values\n for 27 images of Gaudí's buildings. The entropy was extracted using\n MATLAB. * The column **entropy: contemporary buildings** contains entropy\n values for 29 images of contemporary buildings. The entropy was extracted\n using MATLAB. * The column **entropy: natural scenes** contains entropy\n values for 60 images of natural scenes. The entropy was extracted using\n MATLAB. * The column **amplitude spectrum slope: Gaudí's buildings**\n contains amplitude spectrum slope values for 27 images of Gaudí's\n buildings. The entropy was extracted using MATLAB. * The column\n **amplitude spectrum slope: contemporary buildings** contains amplitude\n spectrum slope values for 29 images of contemporary buildings. The entropy\n was extracted using MATLAB. * The column **amplitude spectrum slope:\n natural scenes** contains amplitude spectrum slope values for 61 images of\n natural scenes. The entropy was extracted using MATLAB. The amplitude\n spectrum slope measures the sharpness and level of detail in an image. To\n compute the average amplitude spectrum slope, we first applied a Fourier\n transform to the greyscale images. Next, we calculated the average\n amplitude across all orientations as a function of spatial frequency and\n plotted the results on a log–log scale. A linear function was then fitted\n to the amplitude spectrum (following the form 1/f^α) within the range of\n 10 to 100 cycles per image (cpI). The slope of this fit, representing the\n amplitude spectrum slope, was extracted and rounded to two decimal places.\n Image entropy quantifies the randomness or information content within an\n image. We calculated the Shannon entropy using Matlab’s function\n 'entropy'. **Statistical_analysis.prism** This GraphPad Prism\n file contains statistical analysis and figures. **image_analysis.m.** This\n MATLAB file contains the function to calculate the amplitude spectrum and\n the amplitude slope constant. This is the same code described in Dyakova\n et al. (2015), *A higher order visual neuron tuned to the spatial\n amplitude spectra of natural scenes*, *Nature Communications*, 6, 8522\n ([https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms9522](https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms9522)). We only added a line to extract the amplitude spectrum as output.","descriptionType":"TechnicalInfo"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[{"schemeUri":"https://ror.org","funderName":"United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research","awardNumber":"FA9550-23-1-0473","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"schemeUri":"https://ror.org","funderName":"Australian Research Council","awardNumber":"DP210100740","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"schemeUri":"https://ror.org","funderName":"Australian Research Council","awardNumber":"DP230100006","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"schemeUri":"https://ror.org","funderName":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","awardNumber":"NNF23OC0081873","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04txyc737","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"schemeUri":"https://ror.org","funderName":"Hjärnfonden","awardNumber":"FO2023-0292","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/014btj409","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"}],"xml":"<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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  <identifier identifierType="DOI">10.5061/DRYAD.QFTTDZ0QF</identifier>
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      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Nordström, Karin</creatorName>
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      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Dyakova, Olga</creatorName>
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      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/048a87296" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Uppsala University</affiliation>
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  <titles>
    <title>Image statistics substantiate Gaudí's naturalistic design principles</title>
  </titles>
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    <subject subjectScheme="fos" schemeURI="https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf">FOS: Basic medicine</subject>
    <subject>antoni gaudi</subject>
    <subject>natural scenes</subject>
    <subject>images</subject>
    <subject>amplitude spectrum slope</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus" schemeURI="https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus">Entropy</subject>
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      <funderName>Australian Research Council</funderName>
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  <dates>
    <date dateType="Created">2024-01-24T00:32:44Z</date>
    <date dateType="Submitted">2025-03-15T15:23:58Z</date>
    <date dateType="Issued">2025-05-20T00:00:00Z</date>
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  <descriptions>
    <description descriptionType="Abstract">
      Human observers perceive natural scenes differently from man-made
      environments, and this distinction can be quantified using image
      statistics. However, there is limited evidence on how the architectural
      style of buildings influences these statistics and, consequently, visual
      perception. Understanding this relationship is crucial, as architectural
      design shapes our visual and psychological experience of built
      environments. The amplitude spectrum slope reflects the sharpness and
      detail of the image. This measure tends to be closer to 1 among
      photographs of natural scenes compared to those of man-made objects.
      Additionally, photographs with higher entropy, indicating increased
      unpredictability and information, are more likely to capture attention. In
      the present study, we examined photographs of buildings designed by Antoni
      Gaudí (1852-1926), known for his nature-inspired creations. Our analysis
      reveals that photographs of Gaudí's buildings exhibited an average
      amplitude spectrum slope more aligned with natural scenes than
      contemporary structures, along with higher image entropy, indicating
      greater visual complexity. Notably, the presence of trees in front of
      contemporary buildings enhances their naturalistic qualities, reflected in
      shifts in amplitude spectrum slope and entropy toward values
      characteristic of natural scenes. These findings suggest that integrating
      naturalistic design elements into architecture can modify image
      statistics, potentially influencing perception and aesthetic experience.
    </description>
    <description descriptionType="Methods">&lt;p&gt;Please read associated README file&lt;/p&gt;</description>
    <description descriptionType="TechnicalInfo">
      # Title of Dataset: "Image Statistics Substantiate Gaudí's
      Naturalistic Design Principles" Authors: Olga Dyakova, Karin
      Nordström, Christian Benedict \[Access this dataset on Dryad](Dataset DOI
      link) ## Description of the data and file structure Below is a list of
      files, including raw images and analysis, associated with the paper. .csv
      - Data is provided in Excel format and can be viewed or edited using
      programs such as LibreOffice Calc, OpenOffice Calc, Microsoft Excel, or
      imported into Google Sheets. .m - MATLAB scripts for image analysis.
      .prism GraphPad Prism files for statistical analysis, viewable and
      editable with GraphPad Prism software. ## Description of the data and file
      structure **Data.csv** This Excel file contains data for future analysis:
      * The column **entropy: Gaudí's buildings** contains entropy values
      for 27 images of Gaudí's buildings. The entropy was extracted using
      MATLAB. * The column **entropy: contemporary buildings** contains entropy
      values for 29 images of contemporary buildings. The entropy was extracted
      using MATLAB. * The column **entropy: natural scenes** contains entropy
      values for 60 images of natural scenes. The entropy was extracted using
      MATLAB. * The column **amplitude spectrum slope: Gaudí's buildings**
      contains amplitude spectrum slope values for 27 images of Gaudí's
      buildings. The entropy was extracted using MATLAB. * The column
      **amplitude spectrum slope: contemporary buildings** contains amplitude
      spectrum slope values for 29 images of contemporary buildings. The entropy
      was extracted using MATLAB. * The column **amplitude spectrum slope:
      natural scenes** contains amplitude spectrum slope values for 61 images of
      natural scenes. The entropy was extracted using MATLAB. The amplitude
      spectrum slope measures the sharpness and level of detail in an image. To
      compute the average amplitude spectrum slope, we first applied a Fourier
      transform to the greyscale images. Next, we calculated the average
      amplitude across all orientations as a function of spatial frequency and
      plotted the results on a log–log scale. A linear function was then fitted
      to the amplitude spectrum (following the form 1/f^α) within the range of
      10 to 100 cycles per image (cpI). The slope of this fit, representing the
      amplitude spectrum slope, was extracted and rounded to two decimal places.
      Image entropy quantifies the randomness or information content within an
      image. We calculated the Shannon entropy using Matlab’s function
      'entropy'. **Statistical_analysis.prism** This GraphPad Prism
      file contains statistical analysis and figures. **image_analysis.m.** This
      MATLAB file contains the function to calculate the amplitude spectrum and
      the amplitude slope constant. This is the same code described in Dyakova
      et al. (2015), *A higher order visual neuron tuned to the spatial
      amplitude spectra of natural scenes*, *Nature Communications*, 6, 8522
      ([https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms9522](https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms9522)). We only added a line to extract the amplitude spectrum as output.
    </description>
  </descriptions>
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