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Demineralized bone matrix\n (DBM), a clinically used bone graft substitute, exhibits osteoinductive\n potential but suffers from inconsistent performance and poor retention at\n defect sites. Here, we report a DBM-loaded injectable dynamic hydrogel\n that enhances bone regeneration through coordinated redox modulation,\n reactive oxygen species (ROS)-triggered biomineralization, and Tribbles\n homolog 3 (Trb3)-mediated osteogenic signaling. Black phosphorus (BP)\n nanosheets were functionalized with nuclear localization signal (NLS)\n peptides through a branched NLS–PEG construct formed by conjugating NLS to\n multi-armed PEG, followed by electrostatic assembly onto BP nanosheets and\n subsequent incorporation into a self-healing hydrogel network via dynamic\n Schiff base crosslinking. The hydrogel effectively scavenges excessive ROS\n and restores redox balance, while BP degradation releases phosphate to\n induce ROS-triggered biomineralization and promote a pro-osteogenic\n microenvironment. In parallel, the BP/NLS system enables gene delivery and\n nuclear localization of Trb3 plasmid DNA, leading to enhanced Trb3\n expression and promotion of BMP/Smad-mediated osteogenic signaling. These\n combined effects significantly improve the osteoinductive capacity of DBM\n and promote enhanced bone regeneration in cranial defects. This study\n provides a strategy to enhance the therapeutic performance of clinically\n relevant bone graft materials through integrated microenvironment\n regulation and gene activation.","descriptionType":"Abstract"},{"description":"# Data from: Hydrogel delivery of demineralized bone matrix augmented with\n ROS-triggered biomineralization and Trb3 activation for enhanced bone\n regeneration Dataset DOI:\n [10.5061/dryad.prr4xgz1w](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.prr4xgz1w) ##\n Description of the data and file structure This dataset includes raw\n measurements of physical, chemical, and osteogenic properties of BP-based\n hydrogels incorporating DBM. ### Files and variables #### File:\n Figure_1.xlsx **Description:** Physical and chemical properties of\n BP-based hydrogels. D) Compressive modulus of BP hydrogels with different\n BP/branched NLS ratios. K) Dose-dependent ROS-scavenging performance of\n BP-based hydrogels. L) ROS-triggered mineralization of BP hydrogels\n assessed by Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining. #### File: Figure_2.xlsx\n **Description:** Antioxidant activity of BP hydrogels. B) Evaluation of BP\n hydrogel cytoprotective effects under oxidative stress. D) Quantitative\n analysis of DCF-DA fluorescence demonstrates the potent cellular-level\n antioxidant activity of BP hydrogels. H) Quantitative analysis of ARS\n staining illustrates the enhanced mineralization by BP hydrogels. ####\n File: Figure_3.xlsx **Description:** Gene delivery and osteoinductive\n efficiency of BP hydrogels. B) Quantification of nuclear pDNA-Cy3\n fluorescence intensity in BMSCs. D) BMSC proliferation in hydrogels\n containing different BP concentrations over 1, 4, and 7 days. Quantitative\n polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of osteogenic genes: F) alkaline\n phosphatase (ALP), G) runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and H)\n osteocalcin (OCN) in BMSCs encapsulated in hydrogels containing varying\n concentrations of BP. #### File: Figure_4.xlsx **Description:** Mechanical\n properties of BP/DBM hydrogels. D) Compressive modulus of BP/DBM hydrogels\n containing varying concentrations of DBM. #### File: Figure_5.xlsx\n **Description:** BP hydrogels loaded with DBM and Trb3 pDNA for the\n promotion of osteogenic differentiation. Osteogenic genes of B) ALP, C)\n Runx2, D) OCN, E) Trb3, and F) BMP-2 expressed in BMSCs were evaluated.\n Quantification of H) ALP activity and I) calcium mineral deposition. L)\n Western blot quantitative results demonstrate elevated Trb3 expression\n along with increased levels of pSmad1/5. #### File: Figure_6.xlsx\n **Description:** Osteogenic effects of BP multifunctional hydrogels *in\n vivo*. Quantification of B) relative new bone area, C) bone volume\n fraction (BV/TV), D) trabecular number, and E) bone mineral density.","descriptionType":"TechnicalInfo"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[{"awardUri":"https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/11226287","awardTitle":"Tribbles homolog 3 and BMP-2 induced bone formation","funderName":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","awardNumber":"R01DE027332","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/004a2wv92","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"awardUri":"https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/11098421","awardTitle":"Hydrogel delivery of DBM and exosome mimetics for bone repair","funderName":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","awardNumber":"R01DE031711","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/004a2wv92","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"}],"xml":"<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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  <identifier identifierType="DOI">10.5061/DRYAD.PRR4XGZ1W</identifier>
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      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Li, Zhi</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/046rm7j60" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, Los Angeles</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Xu, Changlu</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/046rm7j60" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, Los Angeles</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Kang, Minjee</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/046rm7j60" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, Los Angeles</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Aghaloo, Tara</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/046rm7j60" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, Los Angeles</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Lee, Min</creatorName>
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      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/046rm7j60" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, Los Angeles</affiliation>
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  <titles>
    <title>
      Data from: Hydrogel delivery of demineralized bone matrix augmented with
      ROS-triggered biomineralization and Trb3 activation for enhanced bone
      regeneration
    </title>
  </titles>
  <publisher publisherIdentifier="https://ror.org/00x6h5n95" publisherIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org/">Dryad</publisher>
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    <subject subjectScheme="fos" schemeURI="https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf">FOS: Biological sciences</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="fos" schemeURI="https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf">FOS: Nano-technology</subject>
    <subject>demineralized bone matrix</subject>
    <subject>Trb3</subject>
    <subject>black phosphorus</subject>
    <subject>ROS-triggered biomineralization</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus" schemeURI="https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus">Gene delivery</subject>
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      <funderName>National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research</funderName>
      <funderIdentifier funderIdentifierType="ROR">https://ror.org/004a2wv92</funderIdentifier>
      <awardNumber awardURI="https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/11226287">R01DE027332</awardNumber>
      <awardTitle>Tribbles homolog 3 and BMP-2 induced bone formation</awardTitle>
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      <funderName>National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research</funderName>
      <funderIdentifier funderIdentifierType="ROR">https://ror.org/004a2wv92</funderIdentifier>
      <awardNumber awardURI="https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/11098421">R01DE031711</awardNumber>
      <awardTitle>Hydrogel delivery of DBM and exosome mimetics for bone repair</awardTitle>
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    <date dateType="Created">2026-01-13T22:50:16Z</date>
    <date dateType="Submitted">2026-08-05T22:04:00Z</date>
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  <descriptions>
    <description descriptionType="Abstract">
      Cranial bone defects remain a significant clinical challenge due to
      limited intrinsic regenerative capacity and an adverse oxidative
      microenvironment that impairs osteogenesis. Demineralized bone matrix
      (DBM), a clinically used bone graft substitute, exhibits osteoinductive
      potential but suffers from inconsistent performance and poor retention at
      defect sites. Here, we report a DBM-loaded injectable dynamic hydrogel
      that enhances bone regeneration through coordinated redox modulation,
      reactive oxygen species (ROS)-triggered biomineralization, and Tribbles
      homolog 3 (Trb3)-mediated osteogenic signaling. Black phosphorus (BP)
      nanosheets were functionalized with nuclear localization signal (NLS)
      peptides through a branched NLS–PEG construct formed by conjugating NLS to
      multi-armed PEG, followed by electrostatic assembly onto BP nanosheets and
      subsequent incorporation into a self-healing hydrogel network via dynamic
      Schiff base crosslinking. The hydrogel effectively scavenges excessive ROS
      and restores redox balance, while BP degradation releases phosphate to
      induce ROS-triggered biomineralization and promote a pro-osteogenic
      microenvironment. In parallel, the BP/NLS system enables gene delivery and
      nuclear localization of Trb3 plasmid DNA, leading to enhanced Trb3
      expression and promotion of BMP/Smad-mediated osteogenic signaling. These
      combined effects significantly improve the osteoinductive capacity of DBM
      and promote enhanced bone regeneration in cranial defects. This study
      provides a strategy to enhance the therapeutic performance of clinically
      relevant bone graft materials through integrated microenvironment
      regulation and gene activation.
    </description>
    <description descriptionType="TechnicalInfo">
      # Data from: Hydrogel delivery of demineralized bone matrix augmented with
      ROS-triggered biomineralization and Trb3 activation for enhanced bone
      regeneration Dataset DOI:
      [10.5061/dryad.prr4xgz1w](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.prr4xgz1w) ##
      Description of the data and file structure This dataset includes raw
      measurements of physical, chemical, and osteogenic properties of BP-based
      hydrogels incorporating DBM. ### Files and variables #### File:
      Figure_1.xlsx **Description:** Physical and chemical properties of
      BP-based hydrogels. D) Compressive modulus of BP hydrogels with different
      BP/branched NLS ratios. K) Dose-dependent ROS-scavenging performance of
      BP-based hydrogels. L) ROS-triggered mineralization of BP hydrogels
      assessed by Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining. #### File: Figure_2.xlsx
      **Description:** Antioxidant activity of BP hydrogels. B) Evaluation of BP
      hydrogel cytoprotective effects under oxidative stress. D) Quantitative
      analysis of DCF-DA fluorescence demonstrates the potent cellular-level
      antioxidant activity of BP hydrogels. H) Quantitative analysis of ARS
      staining illustrates the enhanced mineralization by BP hydrogels. ####
      File: Figure_3.xlsx **Description:** Gene delivery and osteoinductive
      efficiency of BP hydrogels. B) Quantification of nuclear pDNA-Cy3
      fluorescence intensity in BMSCs. D) BMSC proliferation in hydrogels
      containing different BP concentrations over 1, 4, and 7 days. Quantitative
      polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of osteogenic genes: F) alkaline
      phosphatase (ALP), G) runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and H)
      osteocalcin (OCN) in BMSCs encapsulated in hydrogels containing varying
      concentrations of BP. #### File: Figure_4.xlsx **Description:** Mechanical
      properties of BP/DBM hydrogels. D) Compressive modulus of BP/DBM hydrogels
      containing varying concentrations of DBM. #### File: Figure_5.xlsx
      **Description:** BP hydrogels loaded with DBM and Trb3 pDNA for the
      promotion of osteogenic differentiation. Osteogenic genes of B) ALP, C)
      Runx2, D) OCN, E) Trb3, and F) BMP-2 expressed in BMSCs were evaluated.
      Quantification of H) ALP activity and I) calcium mineral deposition. L)
      Western blot quantitative results demonstrate elevated Trb3 expression
      along with increased levels of pSmad1/5. #### File: Figure_6.xlsx
      **Description:** Osteogenic effects of BP multifunctional hydrogels *in
      vivo*. Quantification of B) relative new bone area, C) bone volume
      fraction (BV/TV), D) trabecular number, and E) bone mineral density.
    </description>
  </descriptions>
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