{"data":{"id":"10.5061/dryad.pnvx0k71c","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.5061/dryad.pnvx0k71c","prefix":"10.5061","suffix":"dryad.pnvx0k71c","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Li, Jialu","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Shanxi University"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Han, Xue","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Shanxi University"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Wang, Wenjie","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Taiyuan University of Technology"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Wang, Jinhui","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Shanxi University"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Zhang, Tingting","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Taiyuan University of Technology"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Wu, Yuting","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Zhang, Guofeng","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Shanxi University"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9030-0431","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Li, Bin","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Shanxi University"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Yang, Changgang","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Shanxi University"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Guo, Wenli","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Shanxi University"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Zhang, Mi","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Shanxi University"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Chen, Ruiyun","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Shanxi University"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0037-856X","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Qin, Chengbing","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Shanxi University"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6822-5113","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Hu, Jianyong","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Shanxi University"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2245-3307","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Yang, Zhichun","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Shanxi University"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1613-5984","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Liu, Shao","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Taiyuan University of Technology"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Wang, Yue","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0098-5359","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Gao, Yunan","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Beijing Jiaotong University"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3131-7559","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Ma, Jie","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Shanxi University"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4932-9205","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Xiao, Liantuan","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Shanxi University"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0104-8634","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Jia, Suotang","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["Shanxi University"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7398-010X","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]}],"titles":[{"title":"Sub-one-tenth exciton threshold lasers using stable self-charged perovskite quantum rods"}],"publisher":"Dryad","container":{},"publicationYear":2026,"subjects":[{"subject":"FOS: Nano-technology","schemeUri":"https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"fos"},{"subject":"FOS: Materials engineering","schemeUri":"https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"fos"},{"subject":"FOS: Physical sciences","schemeUri":"https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"fos"},{"subject":"FOS: Engineering and technology","schemeUri":"https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"fos"},{"subject":"liquid lasers"},{"subject":"perovskite quantum rods"},{"subject":"stable charging"},{"subject":"nonradiative Auger recombination"},{"subject":"near-zero lasing threshold"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2025-08-20T13:19:45Z","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2026-06-12T13:09:07Z","dateType":"Submitted"},{"date":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Issued"},{"date":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Available"}],"language":"en","types":{"ris":"DATA","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"dataset","schemaOrg":"Dataset","resourceType":"dataset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Dataset"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsCitedBy","relatedIdentifier":"10.1126/sciadv.aeb6386","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["1150898 bytes"],"formats":[],"version":"5","rightsList":[{"rights":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rightsIdentifier":"cc0-1.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are promising optical gain materials that\n require a reduction in the threshold to reach their full potential. While\n QD charging theoretically reduces the threshold to zero, its effectiveness\n has been limited by strong Auger recombination and unstable charging. In\n this study, we theoretically determine the optimal combination of charging\n number and Auger recombination to minimize the lasing threshold.\n Experimentally, we develop stable, self-charged perovskite quantum rods\n (QRs) as an alternative to QDs via state engineering and Mn-doping\n strategy. A two-order-of-magnitude reduction in nonradiative Auger\n recombination enables QRs to support a charging number of up to 6. We then\n achieve QR liquid lasing with a sub-one-tenth exciton threshold (an\n average of 0.098 excitons per QR) using 5-nanosecond pulse pumping. This\n threshold is exceptionally low among all reported QD lasers. These\n achievements demonstrate the potential of specially engineered QRs as\n excellent gain media and pave the way for their applications.","descriptionType":"Abstract"},{"description":"# Sub-one-tenth exciton threshold lasers using stable self-charged\n perovskite quantum rods Dataset DOI:\n [10.5061/dryad.pnvx0k71c](10.5061/dryad.pnvx0k71c) The dataset shows the\n optimal combination of charging number and Auger recombination for\n minimizing the lasing threshold. Single-dot spectroscopy and transient\n absorption measurements confirm that Mn-doped CsPbBr~3~ perovskite quantum\n rods support a charging number of up to 6, with a long Auger lifetime of\n approximately 1.6 ns, as well as a gain lifetime as long as 0.735 ns.\n Laser measurements demonstrate a sub‑one‑tenth exciton threshold. ##\n Description of the data and file structure All images in the related\n article were drawn using Origin software. Data files are named according\n to their corresponding figure in the related article. ### Figure 1B\n **Description:** Figure 1B shows the dependence of the lasing threshold\n (\u0026lt;*N~las~*\u0026gt;) on the charging number per QD (\u0026lt;*n~c~*\u0026gt;) and the\n Auger recombination characterized by the biexciton Auger lifetime\n (*t*~A,XX~) in neutral QDs. **Data file:** The first row of Figure_1B.csv\n is the *t*~A,XX~ with the unit of nanosecond, the first column is the\n \u0026lt;*n~c~*\u0026gt;, and the remaining data are the \u0026lt;*N~las~*\u0026gt;, i.e., the\n average number of absorbed photons per pulse per QD at the lasing\n threshold. ### Figure 1E **Description:** Figure 1E shows a typical\n photoluminescence (PL) intensity time trajectory for a single CsPbBr~3~ QR\n at excitation condition \u0026lt;*N*\u0026gt; = 0.2. \u0026lt;*N*\u0026gt; represents the\n average exciton number per QD. The trajectories represent the time frames\n from 0 to 40 s for charged QR and from 180 to 220 s for neutral QR,\n respectively. **Data file:** The A and the C columns of Figure_1E.csv give\n the horizontal coordinate, describing the time frames for the charged and\n neutral QR with the unit of second. The B and the D columns give the\n vertical coordinate, describing the PL intensity with the unit of kcounts\n per second. ### Figure 1F **Description:** Figure 1F shows the evolution\n of charging number (*n*~c~) (red circles) in the self-charged QR and the\n corresponding *t*~A,XX~ (blue stars) over time. The decay of the *n*~c~\n can be well fitted by the monoexponential function. The blue curve is the\n spline fit of the average biexciton Auger lifetime. Errors are indicated\n by shaded areas. **Data file:** Columns A, C, F, and H of Figure_1F.csv\n describe the time frames with the unit of second. Columns B and D\n represent the *n*~c~ and the fitting curve. Columns G and I represent the\n *t*~A,XX~ and the average *t*~A,XX~ with the unit of nanosecond, the\n column J represents the standard deviation. ### Figure 2C **Description:**\n Figure 2C shows the lattice spacing of CsPbBr~3~ QRs as a function of Mn\n doping concentration. **Data file:** The first row of Figure_2C.csv is the\n Mn concentration (%), and the other rows are the lattice spacing with the\n unit of Å. ### Figure 2D **Description:** Figure 2D shows the absorption\n and PL spectra of QRs with different Mn doping concentrations dispersed in\n cyclohexane. **Data file:** In Figure_2D.csv, columns A and G give the\n horizontal coordinate, describing the wavelength with the unit of\n nanometer. Columns B to E represent the absorption spectra with Mn doping\n concentrations of 0%, 0.30%, 3.50%, and 6.40%, respectively. Columns H to\n K represent the PL spectra with Mn doping concentrations of 0%, 0.30%,\n 3.50%, and 6.40%, respectively. ### Figure 2E **Description:** Figure 2E\n shows a typical PL intensity time trajectory for single 3.5% Mn-doped QRs\n at excitation condition \u0026lt;*N\u0026gt;* = 0.2. **Data file:** The A and the D\n columns of Figure_2E.csv give the horizontal coordinate, describing the\n time frames for the charged QR with the unit of second. The B and the E\n columns give the vertical coordinate, describing the PL intensity with the\n unit of kcounts per second. ### Figure 2F **Description:** Figure 2F shows\n the corresponding original second-order correlation function *g*^(2)^\n curve and time-gated *g*^(2)^ curve of the single QR. **Data file:** In\n Figure_2F.csv, the A and the D columns give the horizontal coordinate,\n describing the delayed time with the unit of nanosecond. The B and the E\n columns give the vertical coordinate, describing the normalized intensity\n with arbitrary units. ### Figure 2G **Description:** Figure 2G shows the\n evolutions of charging number in the Mn-doped CsPbBr~3~ perovskite QR and\n corresponding biexciton Auger lifetime. **Data file:** In Figure_2G.csv,\n the A column gives horizontal coordinate, describing the time frames with\n the unit of second. The B and the E columns give the vertical coordinate,\n describing the *n*~c~ and the *t*~A,XX~ in nanoseconds. The columns C and\n F represent the standard deviation. ### Figure 2H **Description:** Figure\n 2H shows the *n*~c~ and the PL intensity with Mn doping concentrations of\n 0%, 0.30%, 3.50%, and 6.40%, respectively. **Data file:** In\n Figure_2H.csv, the A column gives the horizontal coordinate, describing\n the Mn concentration (%). The B and the D columns give the vertical\n coordinate, describing the PL intensity in kcounts per second and the\n *n*~c~. The columns C and E represent the standard deviation. We did not\n provide *n*~c~ and standard deviation at 0% Mn doping concentrations\n because undoped QRs cannot charge stably. ### Figure 3A **Description:**\n Figure 3A shows exciton kinetic curves for \u0026lt;*N*\u0026gt;~0~ = 0.11 and\n \u0026lt;*N*\u0026gt;~1~ = 1.44, the biexciton kinetic curve (inset) is obtained by\n subtracting the exciton kinetic curve of \u0026lt;*N*\u0026gt;~0~ = 0.11 from that\n of \u0026lt;*N*\u0026gt;~1~ = 1.44. The single exciton and biexciton kinetic curves\n are fitted by monoexponential functions. **Data file:** In Figure_3A.csv,\n the columns A, C, F, I, and K give the horizontal coordinate, describing\n the delayed time with the unit of picosecond. The B and the D columns give\n the kinetic and fitting curve for \u0026lt;*N*\u0026gt;~0~ = 0.11. The G column\n gives the kinetic for \u0026lt;*N*\u0026gt;~1~ = 1.44. The J and the L columns give\n the kinetic and fitting curve for biexciton. All absorbance values are\n normalized. ### Figure 3B **Description:** Figure 3B shows nonlinear\n absorption spectra -(ΔA+A~0~) at 3 ps under various \u0026lt;*N*\u0026gt;. Inset:\n amplified absorption spectra showing the transition from absorption to net\n gain. **Data file:** In Figure_3B.csv, the A column gives horizontal\n coordinate, describing the wavelength with the unit of nanometer. The B\n column gives the steady-state absorption spectrum, and the columns D to G\n give the transient spectra with \u0026lt;*N*\u0026gt; values of 0.04, 0.11, 0.18,\n and 0.29, respectively. The unit of absorption spectra is mOD. ### Figure\n 3C **Description:** Figure 3C shows the absorption bleaching (-ΔA/A~0~) as\n a function of \u0026lt;*N*\u0026gt; for QRs indicates the gain threshold\n \u0026lt;*N*~g~\u0026gt; = 0.082, where -ΔA/A~0~ = 1. **Data file:** In\n Figure_3C.csv, the A and D columns give the horizontal coordinate,\n describing the \u0026lt;*N*\u0026gt; values. The B and E columns give the vertical\n coordinate, describing the -ΔA/A~0~ values and the fitting curve. ###\n Figure 3D **Description:** Figure 3D shows a two-dimensional pseudo-color\n plot of the net gain spectra. The gain lifetime *t*~g~ is 0.735 ns at 538\n nm. **Data file:** In Figure_3D.csv, the first row of the data is the\n delay time with the unit of picosecond, the first column is the wavelength\n with the unit of nanometer, and the remaining data are the -(ΔA+A~0~)\n values with the unit of mOD. ### Figure 4B **Description:** Figure 4B\n shows normalized spectral peaks versus pump fluences, which highlights the\n emergence of dominant laser modes with linewidths smaller than spontaneous\n emission. **Data file:** In Figure_4B.csv, the first row of the data is\n the pump fluence with the unit of μJ·mm^-2^, the first column is the\n wavelength with the unit of nanometer, and the remaining data are the\n normalized PL intensity with arbitrary units. ### Figure 4C\n **Description:** Figure 4C shows the nanosecond pulse-pumped QR lasing.\n Integrated intensity as a function of pump fluence, with the lasing\n threshold at 9.86 µJ·mm^-2^, corresponding to \u0026lt;*N*\u0026gt; = 0.098. **Data\n file:** In Figure_4C.csv, the columns A, D, and H give the horizontal\n coordinate, describing the pump fluence with the unit of μJ·mm^-2^. The\n columns B, E, and I give the vertical coordinate, describing the\n normalized PL intensity and fitting curves with arbitrary units. ###\n Figure 4D **Description:** Figure 4D shows the femtosecond pulse-pumped QR\n lasing. Integrated intensity as a function of pump fluence, with the\n lasing threshold at 2.90 µJ·cm^-2^, corresponding to \u0026lt;*N*\u0026gt; = 0.087.\n **Data file:** The columns A, D, and H of Figure_4D.csv give the\n horizontal coordinate, describing the pump fluence with the unit of\n μJ·mm^-2^. The columns B, E, and I give the vertical coordinate,\n describing the normalized PL intensity and fitting curves with arbitrary\n units. ## Access information Other publicly accessible locations of the\n data: * None. Data was derived from the following sources: * None.","descriptionType":"TechnicalInfo"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[{"funderName":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","awardNumber":"2022M722006","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/0426zh255","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"funderName":"The Natural Science Foundation of China","awardNumber":"62127817"},{"funderName":"The Natural Science Foundation of China","awardNumber":"U22A2091"},{"funderName":"The Natural Science Foundation of China","awardNumber":"U23A20380"},{"funderName":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","awardNumber":"62325505","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"funderName":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","awardNumber":"62222509","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"funderName":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","awardNumber":"62274090","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"funderName":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","awardNumber":"62205187","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"funderName":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","awardNumber":"62305201","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"funderName":"The National Key Research and Development Program of China","awardNumber":"2022YFA1404201"},{"funderName":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","awardNumber":"62405211","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"funderName":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","awardNumber":"W2412024","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"funderName":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","awardNumber":"62375004","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"funderName":"Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team","awardNumber":"IRT_17R70"},{"funderName":"Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology","awardNumber":"2021ZD0302103"},{"funderName":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","awardNumber":"202303021222031"},{"funderName":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","awardNumber":"202403021211012"},{"funderName":"Shanxi Province Science and Technology Innovation Talent Team","awardNumber":"202204051001014"},{"funderName":"Shanxi Province Science and Technology Major Special Project","awardNumber":"202201010101005"},{"funderName":"Shanxi Province Project 111","awardNumber":"D18001"},{"funderName":"Postgraduate Education Innovation Program of Shanxi Province","awardNumber":"2024KY020"}],"xml":"<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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  <creators>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Li, Jialu</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03y3e3s17" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Shanxi University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Han, Xue</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03y3e3s17" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Shanxi University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Wang, Wenjie</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03kv08d37" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Taiyuan University of Technology</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Wang, Jinhui</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03y3e3s17" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Shanxi University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Zhang, Tingting</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03kv08d37" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Taiyuan University of Technology</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Wu, Yuting</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/00xp9wg62" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Nanjing University of Science and Technology</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Zhang, Guofeng</creatorName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0002-9030-0431</nameIdentifier>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03y3e3s17" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Shanxi University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Li, Bin</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03y3e3s17" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Shanxi University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Yang, Changgang</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03y3e3s17" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Shanxi University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Guo, Wenli</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03y3e3s17" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Shanxi University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Zhang, Mi</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03y3e3s17" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Shanxi University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Chen, Ruiyun</creatorName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0002-0037-856X</nameIdentifier>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03y3e3s17" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Shanxi University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Qin, Chengbing</creatorName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0002-6822-5113</nameIdentifier>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03y3e3s17" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Shanxi University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Hu, Jianyong</creatorName>
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      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03y3e3s17" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Shanxi University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Yang, Zhichun</creatorName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0002-1613-5984</nameIdentifier>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03y3e3s17" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Shanxi University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Liu, Shao</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03kv08d37" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Taiyuan University of Technology</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Wang, Yue</creatorName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0003-0098-5359</nameIdentifier>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/00xp9wg62" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Nanjing University of Science and Technology</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Gao, Yunan</creatorName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0002-3131-7559</nameIdentifier>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/01yj56c84" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Beijing Jiaotong University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Ma, Jie</creatorName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0003-4932-9205</nameIdentifier>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03y3e3s17" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Shanxi University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Xiao, Liantuan</creatorName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0002-0104-8634</nameIdentifier>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03y3e3s17" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Shanxi University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Jia, Suotang</creatorName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0009-0003-7398-010X</nameIdentifier>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03y3e3s17" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Shanxi University</affiliation>
    </creator>
  </creators>
  <titles>
    <title>
      Sub-one-tenth exciton threshold lasers using stable self-charged
      perovskite quantum rods
    </title>
  </titles>
  <publisher publisherIdentifier="https://ror.org/00x6h5n95" publisherIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org/">Dryad</publisher>
  <resourceType resourceTypeGeneral="Dataset">dataset</resourceType>
  <publicationYear>2026</publicationYear>
  <subjects>
    <subject subjectScheme="fos" schemeURI="https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf">FOS: Nano-technology</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="fos" schemeURI="https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf">FOS: Materials engineering</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="fos" schemeURI="https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf">FOS: Physical sciences</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="fos" schemeURI="https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf">FOS: Engineering and technology</subject>
    <subject>liquid lasers</subject>
    <subject>perovskite quantum rods</subject>
    <subject>stable charging</subject>
    <subject>nonradiative Auger recombination</subject>
    <subject>near-zero lasing threshold</subject>
  </subjects>
  <fundingReferences>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>China Postdoctoral Science Foundation</funderName>
      <funderIdentifier funderIdentifierType="ROR">https://ror.org/0426zh255</funderIdentifier>
      <awardNumber>2022M722006</awardNumber>
    </fundingReference>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>The Natural Science Foundation of China</funderName>
      <awardNumber>62127817</awardNumber>
    </fundingReference>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>The Natural Science Foundation of China</funderName>
      <awardNumber>U22A2091</awardNumber>
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  <dates>
    <date dateType="Created">2025-08-20T13:19:45Z</date>
    <date dateType="Submitted">2026-06-12T13:09:07Z</date>
    <date dateType="Issued">2026-06-23T00:00:00Z</date>
    <date dateType="Available">2026-06-23T00:00:00Z</date>
  </dates>
  <language>en</language>
  <relatedIdentifiers>
    <relatedIdentifier relationType="IsCitedBy" relatedIdentifierType="DOI">https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeb6386</relatedIdentifier>
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  <version>5</version>
  <rightsList>
    <rights rightsURI="https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html">Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal</rights>
  </rightsList>
  <descriptions>
    <description descriptionType="Abstract">
      Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are promising optical gain materials that
      require a reduction in the threshold to reach their full potential. While
      QD charging theoretically reduces the threshold to zero, its effectiveness
      has been limited by strong Auger recombination and unstable charging. In
      this study, we theoretically determine the optimal combination of charging
      number and Auger recombination to minimize the lasing threshold.
      Experimentally, we develop stable, self-charged perovskite quantum rods
      (QRs) as an alternative to QDs via state engineering and Mn-doping
      strategy. A two-order-of-magnitude reduction in nonradiative Auger
      recombination enables QRs to support a charging number of up to 6. We then
      achieve QR liquid lasing with a sub-one-tenth exciton threshold (an
      average of 0.098 excitons per QR) using 5-nanosecond pulse pumping. This
      threshold is exceptionally low among all reported QD lasers. These
      achievements demonstrate the potential of specially engineered QRs as
      excellent gain media and pave the way for their applications.
    </description>
    <description descriptionType="TechnicalInfo">
      # Sub-one-tenth exciton threshold lasers using stable self-charged
      perovskite quantum rods Dataset DOI:
      [10.5061/dryad.pnvx0k71c](10.5061/dryad.pnvx0k71c) The dataset shows the
      optimal combination of charging number and Auger recombination for
      minimizing the lasing threshold. Single-dot spectroscopy and transient
      absorption measurements confirm that Mn-doped CsPbBr~3~ perovskite quantum
      rods support a charging number of up to 6, with a long Auger lifetime of
      approximately 1.6 ns, as well as a gain lifetime as long as 0.735 ns.
      Laser measurements demonstrate a sub‑one‑tenth exciton threshold. ##
      Description of the data and file structure All images in the related
      article were drawn using Origin software. Data files are named according
      to their corresponding figure in the related article. ### Figure 1B
      **Description:** Figure 1B shows the dependence of the lasing threshold
      (&lt;*N~las~*&gt;) on the charging number per QD (&lt;*n~c~*&gt;) and the
      Auger recombination characterized by the biexciton Auger lifetime
      (*t*~A,XX~) in neutral QDs. **Data file:** The first row of Figure_1B.csv
      is the *t*~A,XX~ with the unit of nanosecond, the first column is the
      &lt;*n~c~*&gt;, and the remaining data are the &lt;*N~las~*&gt;, i.e., the
      average number of absorbed photons per pulse per QD at the lasing
      threshold. ### Figure 1E **Description:** Figure 1E shows a typical
      photoluminescence (PL) intensity time trajectory for a single CsPbBr~3~ QR
      at excitation condition &lt;*N*&gt; = 0.2. &lt;*N*&gt; represents the
      average exciton number per QD. The trajectories represent the time frames
      from 0 to 40 s for charged QR and from 180 to 220 s for neutral QR,
      respectively. **Data file:** The A and the C columns of Figure_1E.csv give
      the horizontal coordinate, describing the time frames for the charged and
      neutral QR with the unit of second. The B and the D columns give the
      vertical coordinate, describing the PL intensity with the unit of kcounts
      per second. ### Figure 1F **Description:** Figure 1F shows the evolution
      of charging number (*n*~c~) (red circles) in the self-charged QR and the
      corresponding *t*~A,XX~ (blue stars) over time. The decay of the *n*~c~
      can be well fitted by the monoexponential function. The blue curve is the
      spline fit of the average biexciton Auger lifetime. Errors are indicated
      by shaded areas. **Data file:** Columns A, C, F, and H of Figure_1F.csv
      describe the time frames with the unit of second. Columns B and D
      represent the *n*~c~ and the fitting curve. Columns G and I represent the
      *t*~A,XX~ and the average *t*~A,XX~ with the unit of nanosecond, the
      column J represents the standard deviation. ### Figure 2C **Description:**
      Figure 2C shows the lattice spacing of CsPbBr~3~ QRs as a function of Mn
      doping concentration. **Data file:** The first row of Figure_2C.csv is the
      Mn concentration (%), and the other rows are the lattice spacing with the
      unit of Å. ### Figure 2D **Description:** Figure 2D shows the absorption
      and PL spectra of QRs with different Mn doping concentrations dispersed in
      cyclohexane. **Data file:** In Figure_2D.csv, columns A and G give the
      horizontal coordinate, describing the wavelength with the unit of
      nanometer. Columns B to E represent the absorption spectra with Mn doping
      concentrations of 0%, 0.30%, 3.50%, and 6.40%, respectively. Columns H to
      K represent the PL spectra with Mn doping concentrations of 0%, 0.30%,
      3.50%, and 6.40%, respectively. ### Figure 2E **Description:** Figure 2E
      shows a typical PL intensity time trajectory for single 3.5% Mn-doped QRs
      at excitation condition &lt;*N&gt;* = 0.2. **Data file:** The A and the D
      columns of Figure_2E.csv give the horizontal coordinate, describing the
      time frames for the charged QR with the unit of second. The B and the E
      columns give the vertical coordinate, describing the PL intensity with the
      unit of kcounts per second. ### Figure 2F **Description:** Figure 2F shows
      the corresponding original second-order correlation function *g*^(2)^
      curve and time-gated *g*^(2)^ curve of the single QR. **Data file:** In
      Figure_2F.csv, the A and the D columns give the horizontal coordinate,
      describing the delayed time with the unit of nanosecond. The B and the E
      columns give the vertical coordinate, describing the normalized intensity
      with arbitrary units. ### Figure 2G **Description:** Figure 2G shows the
      evolutions of charging number in the Mn-doped CsPbBr~3~ perovskite QR and
      corresponding biexciton Auger lifetime. **Data file:** In Figure_2G.csv,
      the A column gives horizontal coordinate, describing the time frames with
      the unit of second. The B and the E columns give the vertical coordinate,
      describing the *n*~c~ and the *t*~A,XX~ in nanoseconds. The columns C and
      F represent the standard deviation. ### Figure 2H **Description:** Figure
      2H shows the *n*~c~ and the PL intensity with Mn doping concentrations of
      0%, 0.30%, 3.50%, and 6.40%, respectively. **Data file:** In
      Figure_2H.csv, the A column gives the horizontal coordinate, describing
      the Mn concentration (%). The B and the D columns give the vertical
      coordinate, describing the PL intensity in kcounts per second and the
      *n*~c~. The columns C and E represent the standard deviation. We did not
      provide *n*~c~ and standard deviation at 0% Mn doping concentrations
      because undoped QRs cannot charge stably. ### Figure 3A **Description:**
      Figure 3A shows exciton kinetic curves for &lt;*N*&gt;~0~ = 0.11 and
      &lt;*N*&gt;~1~ = 1.44, the biexciton kinetic curve (inset) is obtained by
      subtracting the exciton kinetic curve of &lt;*N*&gt;~0~ = 0.11 from that
      of &lt;*N*&gt;~1~ = 1.44. The single exciton and biexciton kinetic curves
      are fitted by monoexponential functions. **Data file:** In Figure_3A.csv,
      the columns A, C, F, I, and K give the horizontal coordinate, describing
      the delayed time with the unit of picosecond. The B and the D columns give
      the kinetic and fitting curve for &lt;*N*&gt;~0~ = 0.11. The G column
      gives the kinetic for &lt;*N*&gt;~1~ = 1.44. The J and the L columns give
      the kinetic and fitting curve for biexciton. All absorbance values are
      normalized. ### Figure 3B **Description:** Figure 3B shows nonlinear
      absorption spectra -(ΔA+A~0~) at 3 ps under various &lt;*N*&gt;. Inset:
      amplified absorption spectra showing the transition from absorption to net
      gain. **Data file:** In Figure_3B.csv, the A column gives horizontal
      coordinate, describing the wavelength with the unit of nanometer. The B
      column gives the steady-state absorption spectrum, and the columns D to G
      give the transient spectra with &lt;*N*&gt; values of 0.04, 0.11, 0.18,
      and 0.29, respectively. The unit of absorption spectra is mOD. ### Figure
      3C **Description:** Figure 3C shows the absorption bleaching (-ΔA/A~0~) as
      a function of &lt;*N*&gt; for QRs indicates the gain threshold
      &lt;*N*~g~&gt; = 0.082, where -ΔA/A~0~ = 1. **Data file:** In
      Figure_3C.csv, the A and D columns give the horizontal coordinate,
      describing the &lt;*N*&gt; values. The B and E columns give the vertical
      coordinate, describing the -ΔA/A~0~ values and the fitting curve. ###
      Figure 3D **Description:** Figure 3D shows a two-dimensional pseudo-color
      plot of the net gain spectra. The gain lifetime *t*~g~ is 0.735 ns at 538
      nm. **Data file:** In Figure_3D.csv, the first row of the data is the
      delay time with the unit of picosecond, the first column is the wavelength
      with the unit of nanometer, and the remaining data are the -(ΔA+A~0~)
      values with the unit of mOD. ### Figure 4B **Description:** Figure 4B
      shows normalized spectral peaks versus pump fluences, which highlights the
      emergence of dominant laser modes with linewidths smaller than spontaneous
      emission. **Data file:** In Figure_4B.csv, the first row of the data is
      the pump fluence with the unit of μJ·mm^-2^, the first column is the
      wavelength with the unit of nanometer, and the remaining data are the
      normalized PL intensity with arbitrary units. ### Figure 4C
      **Description:** Figure 4C shows the nanosecond pulse-pumped QR lasing.
      Integrated intensity as a function of pump fluence, with the lasing
      threshold at 9.86 µJ·mm^-2^, corresponding to &lt;*N*&gt; = 0.098. **Data
      file:** In Figure_4C.csv, the columns A, D, and H give the horizontal
      coordinate, describing the pump fluence with the unit of μJ·mm^-2^. The
      columns B, E, and I give the vertical coordinate, describing the
      normalized PL intensity and fitting curves with arbitrary units. ###
      Figure 4D **Description:** Figure 4D shows the femtosecond pulse-pumped QR
      lasing. Integrated intensity as a function of pump fluence, with the
      lasing threshold at 2.90 µJ·cm^-2^, corresponding to &lt;*N*&gt; = 0.087.
      **Data file:** The columns A, D, and H of Figure_4D.csv give the
      horizontal coordinate, describing the pump fluence with the unit of
      μJ·mm^-2^. The columns B, E, and I give the vertical coordinate,
      describing the normalized PL intensity and fitting curves with arbitrary
      units. ## Access information Other publicly accessible locations of the
      data: * None. Data was derived from the following sources: * None.
    </description>
  </descriptions>
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