{"data":{"id":"10.5061/dryad.k3j9kd5mg","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.5061/dryad.k3j9kd5mg","prefix":"10.5061","suffix":"dryad.k3j9kd5mg","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Perrault, Jennifer","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["University of Wisconsin–Madison"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2211-9683","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Kozma, Keith","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["University of Wisconsin–Madison"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2733-7519","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Zeng, Weifeng","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["University of Wisconsin–Madison"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Nkana, Zeeda","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["University of Wisconsin–Madison"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Albano, Nicholas","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["University of Wisconsin–Madison"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Gunderson, Kristen","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["University of Wisconsin–Madison"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Hurley, Samuel","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["University of Wisconsin–Madison"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Lake, Wendell","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["University of Wisconsin–Madison"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Williams, Justin","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["University of Wisconsin–Madison"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Poore, Samuel","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["University of Wisconsin–Madison"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Ludwig, Kip","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["University of Wisconsin–Madison"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4889-1941","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Dingle, Aaron","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["University of Wisconsin–Madison"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Suminski, Aaron","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":["University of Wisconsin–Madison"],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Data and code from: Towards optimizing target engagement in non-invasive trigeminal nerve stimulation: Anatomical characterization of the human trigeminal nerve"}],"publisher":"Dryad","container":{},"publicationYear":2026,"subjects":[{"subject":"FOS: Basic medicine","schemeUri":"https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"fos"},{"subject":"Trigeminal Nerve"},{"subject":"Nociceptors","schemeUri":"https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus","subjectScheme":"PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus"},{"subject":"Cranial Nerve Stimulation"},{"subject":"TENS"},{"subject":"Human anatomy"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2025-06-28T16:48:57Z","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2025-11-06T17:41:21Z","dateType":"Submitted"},{"date":"2026-07-05T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Issued"},{"date":"2026-07-05T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Available"}],"language":"en","types":{"ris":"DATA","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"dataset","schemaOrg":"Dataset","resourceType":"dataset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Dataset"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsCitedBy","relatedIdentifier":"10.1101/2025.06.19.660375","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"},{"relationType":"IsCitedBy","relatedIdentifier":"10.1088/1741-2552/ae1dae","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["119385 bytes"],"formats":[],"version":"6","rightsList":[{"rights":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rightsIdentifier":"cc0-1.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Objective: Cranial nerve stimulation (CNS) uses electric current to\n modulate higher-order brain activity and organ function via nerves,\n including the vagus and trigeminal, with applications in migraine,\n epilepsy, and pediatric ADHD. The trigeminal nerve is an emerging target\n for non-invasive neuromodulation due to the superficial trajectory of its\n branches, the supraorbital (SON), infraorbital (ION), and mental nerves\n (MN), and the predominantly sensory composition of the SON and ION.\n However, the parameters and outcomes of trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS)\n remain varied.  Approach: This study characterizes the anatomical\n course and tissue composition of the SON, ION, and MN using five human\n donors. CT imaging was used to localize each nerve’s exit foramen and\n distance to midline. Microdissections quantified nerve circumference and\n depth relative to the skin surface. Histological analysis described the\n number of fascicles and fascicular tissue area. Nerve depths were\n incorporated into an illustrative finite element model to assess the\n effect of interface properties on activation of on- and off-target neural\n pathways.  Main Results: Cadaveric measurements, histological\n analyses, and imaging outline the depths, branching patterns, and\n fascicular organization within the trigeminal nerve branches. The SON was\n found to be significantly more superficial than the ION and MN with a\n higher nerve-to-connective tissue ratio compared to the MN. Our\n illustrative modeling demonstrated that depth was a driving factor for\n neural activation and sensitivity to skin impedance\n properties.   Significance: The SON presents the most\n accessible and anatomically favorable target for transcutaneous trigeminal\n nerve stimulation among the branches examined due to its superficial\n location. Consistent with our previous work, however, preferential\n activation of low-threshold nociceptors compared to nerve trunks may lead\n to treatment-limiting off-target side effects. These findings offer an\n anatomically informed framework to guide further modeling, electrode\n design, and in situ imaging of nerve branching patterns to better estimate\n activation of on- and off- target pathways.","descriptionType":"Abstract"},{"description":"# Data and code from: Towards optimizing target engagement in non-invasive\n trigeminal nerve stimulation: Anatomical characterization of the human\n trigeminal nerve [Access this dataset on\n Dryad](doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k3j9kd5mg) This dataset contains FEM\n simulations in COMSOL to illustrate the activation function at anatomical\n depths relevant to the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental nerve\n branches in human donors. Anatomical data (.xlsx) and Python code (.ipynb)\n to generate figures are included. ## Description of the data and file\n structure A FEM computational model was developed to illustrate the\n sensitivity of on-target fibers (trigeminal nerve branches) versus\n off-target fibers (cutaneous nociceptors). The activating function (AF), a\n proxy for nerve fiber engagement, was used to characterize how the spatial\n distribution of the extracellular field from TENS stimulation influences\n activation of unmyelinated nociceptor fibers that run parallel to the skin\n surface, as well as to illustrate nerve fiber engagement within the SON,\n ION, and MN nerve trunks. A quasistatic electric current (EC) model was\n created in COMSOL 6.2 using the AC/DC EC module to solve for the electric\n potential within a three-layered homogeneous volume conductor under\n bipolar stimulation. We isolated a 2D plane within the 3D geometry\n informed by Verma et al 2021a, cutting orthogonally through skin, adipose,\n and muscle. We simplified this 3D model to a 2D model within COMSOL to\n focus computational resources on the cutaneous and nerve trunk evaluation\n lines. A highly conductive copper electrode with uniform current density\n was used to represent the TENS voltage source. A lumped stratum corneum\n impedance layer was modeled between the TENS contacts and the skin, with a\n thickness of 20 µm and a permittivity equal to that of the skin. A\n sensitivity analysis of stratum corneum impedance was performed, set at\n one and two orders of magnitude greater and less than that of the skin, as\n well as its thickness, which ranged from 10 to 30 µm in 5 µm increments.\n This lumped layer was intended to simulate the effects of increased\n impedance due to layers of dead skin and sweat glands increasing local\n electrolyte concentration within the stratum corneum. Since noninvasive\n stimulation involves variable electrode conformance and limited compliance\n to deliver the necessary current, voltage-controlled stimulation was\n utilized in the model. Bipolar voltage sources of ±15 V were applied to\n the upper surfaces of the TENS copper discs. The lateral edges of the\n model, spanning the skin, adipose, and muscle layers, were assigned as\n ground, while all other external surfaces, including the skull, were\n treated with no-flux boundary conditions to simulate high-impedance\n barriers. Current conservation boundary conditions were applied throughout\n the continuous TENS-tissue domains. Resulting second-order spatial\n derivatives of the extracellular potentials along these nerve evaluation\n lines (the activation function) were exported and plotted in Python. ##\n Sharing/Access information This data supports this publication\n [Publication](doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ae1dae) The following data files\n to support this publication are available here on Dryad: [Dryad Data\n Files](doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k3j9kd5mg) (1)\n **COMSOL_Output_(submission).xlsx** - output from COMSOL with the maximum\n values of the activation function for different depths, varying skin\n impedance properties. Sheet Name = 'Read In Contact Impedance'.\n Description: Sensitivity analysis of the thin contact layer impedance\n Branch = Trigeminal Nerve Branch (V1 indicates the V1 branch of the nerve,\n including the supraorbital nerve) Contact Conductance (S/m) = Conductance\n of the Thin Impedance Layer in FEM Model Nociceptor AF (V/m^2)\n = Activation function proxy for a cutaneous depth. Second-order spatial\n derivative of the extracellular potential along an unmyelinated fiber\n parallel to the surface of the skin. Nerve AF (V/m^2) = Activation\n function proxy for a nerve trunk depth. Second-order spatial derivative of\n the extracellular potential along an unmyelinated fiber parallel to the\n surface of the skin. Sheet Name = 'Read In Contact Thickness'.\n Description: Sensitivity analysis of the thin contact layer thickness\n Branch = Trigeminal Nerve Branch (V1 indicates the V1 branch of the nerve\n including the supraorbital nerve) Barrier Distance (um) =  Barrier\n distance (in microns). Distance between electrode contact and the upper\n skin layer. Representative impedance layer for the stratum corneum.\n Contact Conductance (S/m) = Conductance of the Thin Impedance Layer in FEM\n Model Nociceptor AF (V/m^2) = Activation function proxy for a cutaneous\n depth. Second-order spatial derivative of the extracellular potential\n along an unmyelinated fiber parallel to the surface of the skin. Nerve AF\n (V/m^2) = Activation function proxy for a nerve trunk depth. Second-order\n spatial derivative of the extracellular potential along an unmyelinated\n fiber parallel to the surface of the skin. (2)\n **FEM_Analysis_Script.ipynb** - Jupyter Notebook script to generate plots\n from 'Comsol_OUTPUT_(submission).xlsx'. This script reads in\n data from a sensitivity analysis across 'Contact Conductance'\n and 'Barrier Thickness' and generates figures illustrating the\n relative behavior of the second-order difference for the extracellular\n potential for generalized unmelinated fibers (V/m^2). (4)\n **Trigeminal_raw_data.xlsx** - Anatomical parameters for trigeminal nerve\n samples across a cohort of five human cadavers Sheet Name\n = 'Data'. Description: All data described below Donor = Human\n Cadaver ID Nerve = Trigeminal nerve branch (SoN = supraorbital nerve, IoN\n = Infraorbital Nerve, MN = Mental Nerve) L/R = Left/Right Total Area (um2)\n = Squared microns of total nerve and fascicular tissue in each histology\n sample Number of Fascicles = Count of fascicles within each nerve sample\n Area Fascicle (AF .. n) = Squared microns of fascicular tissue for each\n individual segmented fascicle. Each row indicates a different nerve, with\n subsequent columns being fascicles within that nerve. Total Fascicular\n Area (um^2) = Squared microns of fascicular area total. (Sum of all\n fascicles) Connective Tissue Area (um^2) = Squared microns of connective\n tissue area total. (Sum of all fascicles) Distance from Midline (mm) -\n Distance from the midline in the skull to the foramen in each nerve. Depth\n from Skin (mm) - Depth of each nerve sample relative to the upper surface\n of the skin at the foramen in each nerve. Length x Width (mm) - Length and\n width of each trigeminal nerve sample. Circumference (um) - Circumference\n of each trigeminal nerve sample. ## Code/Software (Additional Repository +\n License Required) All necessary outputs from COMSOL are included in\n Comsol_OUTPUT_(submission).xlsx, no license is necessary. For additional\n access, the FEM is available on GitHub, details below. [Access this COMSOL\n file on GitHub](https://github.com/kozmakd/TNS_FEM_analysis) using COMSOL\n 6.2. Note that this raw COMSOL file requires an active license. Readable\n data is available above in **Comsol_OUTPUT_(submission).xlsx** ## Human\n subjects data Data were analyzed from microdissection and histological\n specimens obtained from five human donors provided by Science Care\n (Phoenix, AZ). The data were fully de-identified prior to analysis and\n publication. No personally identifiable information (PII), including\n names, dates of birth, or other direct or indirect identifiers, was\n collected or retained. The dataset here includes only anatomical\n measurements that cannot be linked to individual identities.","descriptionType":"TechnicalInfo"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[{"funderName":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","awardNumber":"N66001-17-2-4010","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02caytj08","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"funderName":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","awardNumber":"N66001-17-2-4010","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/02caytj08","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"}],"xml":"<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Perrault, Jennifer</creatorName>
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      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/01y2jtd41" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of Wisconsin–Madison</affiliation>
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      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Kozma, Keith</creatorName>
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      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Zeng, Weifeng</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/01y2jtd41" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of Wisconsin–Madison</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Nkana, Zeeda</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/01y2jtd41" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of Wisconsin–Madison</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Albano, Nicholas</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/01y2jtd41" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of Wisconsin–Madison</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Gunderson, Kristen</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/01y2jtd41" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of Wisconsin–Madison</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Hurley, Samuel</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/01y2jtd41" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of Wisconsin–Madison</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Lake, Wendell</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/01y2jtd41" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of Wisconsin–Madison</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Williams, Justin</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/01y2jtd41" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of Wisconsin–Madison</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Poore, Samuel</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/01y2jtd41" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of Wisconsin–Madison</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Ludwig, Kip</creatorName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0003-4889-1941</nameIdentifier>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/01y2jtd41" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of Wisconsin–Madison</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Dingle, Aaron</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/01y2jtd41" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of Wisconsin–Madison</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Suminski, Aaron</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/01y2jtd41" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of Wisconsin–Madison</affiliation>
    </creator>
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  <titles>
    <title>
      Data and code from: Towards optimizing target engagement in non-invasive
      trigeminal nerve stimulation: Anatomical characterization of the human
      trigeminal nerve
    </title>
  </titles>
  <publisher publisherIdentifier="https://ror.org/00x6h5n95" publisherIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org/">Dryad</publisher>
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  <publicationYear>2026</publicationYear>
  <subjects>
    <subject subjectScheme="fos" schemeURI="https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf">FOS: Basic medicine</subject>
    <subject>Trigeminal Nerve</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus" schemeURI="https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus">Nociceptors</subject>
    <subject>Cranial Nerve Stimulation</subject>
    <subject>TENS</subject>
    <subject>Human anatomy</subject>
  </subjects>
  <fundingReferences>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</funderName>
      <funderIdentifier funderIdentifierType="ROR">https://ror.org/02caytj08</funderIdentifier>
      <awardNumber>N66001-17-2-4010</awardNumber>
    </fundingReference>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</funderName>
      <funderIdentifier funderIdentifierType="ROR">https://ror.org/02caytj08</funderIdentifier>
      <awardNumber>N66001-17-2-4010</awardNumber>
      <awardTitle/>
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  <dates>
    <date dateType="Created">2025-06-28T16:48:57Z</date>
    <date dateType="Submitted">2025-11-06T17:41:21Z</date>
    <date dateType="Issued">2026-07-05T00:00:00Z</date>
    <date dateType="Available">2026-07-05T00:00:00Z</date>
  </dates>
  <language>en</language>
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  <descriptions>
    <description descriptionType="Abstract">
      Objective: Cranial nerve stimulation (CNS) uses electric current to
      modulate higher-order brain activity and organ function via nerves,
      including the vagus and trigeminal, with applications in migraine,
      epilepsy, and pediatric ADHD. The trigeminal nerve is an emerging target
      for non-invasive neuromodulation due to the superficial trajectory of its
      branches, the supraorbital (SON), infraorbital (ION), and mental nerves
      (MN), and the predominantly sensory composition of the SON and ION.
      However, the parameters and outcomes of trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS)
      remain varied.&amp;nbsp; Approach: This study characterizes the anatomical
      course and tissue composition of the SON, ION, and MN using five human
      donors. CT imaging was used to localize each nerve’s exit foramen and
      distance to midline. Microdissections quantified nerve circumference and
      depth relative to the skin surface. Histological analysis described the
      number of fascicles and fascicular tissue area. Nerve depths were
      incorporated into an illustrative finite element model to assess the
      effect of interface properties on activation of on- and off-target neural
      pathways.&amp;nbsp; Main Results: Cadaveric measurements, histological
      analyses, and imaging outline the depths, branching patterns, and
      fascicular organization within the trigeminal nerve branches. The SON was
      found to be significantly more superficial than the ION and MN with a
      higher nerve-to-connective tissue ratio compared to the MN. Our
      illustrative modeling demonstrated that depth was a driving factor for
      neural activation and sensitivity to skin impedance
      properties.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Significance: The SON presents the most
      accessible and anatomically favorable target for transcutaneous trigeminal
      nerve stimulation among the branches examined due to its superficial
      location. Consistent with our previous work, however, preferential
      activation of low-threshold nociceptors compared to nerve trunks may lead
      to treatment-limiting off-target side effects. These findings offer an
      anatomically informed framework to guide further modeling, electrode
      design, and in situ imaging of nerve branching patterns to better estimate
      activation of on- and off- target pathways.
    </description>
    <description descriptionType="TechnicalInfo">
      # Data and code from: Towards optimizing target engagement in non-invasive
      trigeminal nerve stimulation: Anatomical characterization of the human
      trigeminal nerve [Access this dataset on
      Dryad](doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k3j9kd5mg) This dataset contains FEM
      simulations in COMSOL to illustrate the activation function at anatomical
      depths relevant to the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental nerve
      branches in human donors. Anatomical data (.xlsx) and Python code (.ipynb)
      to generate figures are included. ## Description of the data and file
      structure A FEM computational model was developed to illustrate the
      sensitivity of on-target fibers (trigeminal nerve branches) versus
      off-target fibers (cutaneous nociceptors). The activating function (AF), a
      proxy for nerve fiber engagement, was used to characterize how the spatial
      distribution of the extracellular field from TENS stimulation influences
      activation of unmyelinated nociceptor fibers that run parallel to the skin
      surface, as well as to illustrate nerve fiber engagement within the SON,
      ION, and MN nerve trunks. A quasistatic electric current (EC) model was
      created in COMSOL 6.2 using the AC/DC EC module to solve for the electric
      potential within a three-layered homogeneous volume conductor under
      bipolar stimulation. We isolated a 2D plane within the 3D geometry
      informed by Verma et al 2021a, cutting orthogonally through skin, adipose,
      and muscle. We simplified this 3D model to a 2D model within COMSOL to
      focus computational resources on the cutaneous and nerve trunk evaluation
      lines. A highly conductive copper electrode with uniform current density
      was used to represent the TENS voltage source. A lumped stratum corneum
      impedance layer was modeled between the TENS contacts and the skin, with a
      thickness of 20 µm and a permittivity equal to that of the skin. A
      sensitivity analysis of stratum corneum impedance was performed, set at
      one and two orders of magnitude greater and less than that of the skin, as
      well as its thickness, which ranged from 10 to 30 µm in 5 µm increments.
      This lumped layer was intended to simulate the effects of increased
      impedance due to layers of dead skin and sweat glands increasing local
      electrolyte concentration within the stratum corneum. Since noninvasive
      stimulation involves variable electrode conformance and limited compliance
      to deliver the necessary current, voltage-controlled stimulation was
      utilized in the model. Bipolar voltage sources of ±15 V were applied to
      the upper surfaces of the TENS copper discs. The lateral edges of the
      model, spanning the skin, adipose, and muscle layers, were assigned as
      ground, while all other external surfaces, including the skull, were
      treated with no-flux boundary conditions to simulate high-impedance
      barriers. Current conservation boundary conditions were applied throughout
      the continuous TENS-tissue domains. Resulting second-order spatial
      derivatives of the extracellular potentials along these nerve evaluation
      lines (the activation function) were exported and plotted in Python. ##
      Sharing/Access information This data supports this publication
      [Publication](doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ae1dae) The following data files
      to support this publication are available here on Dryad: [Dryad Data
      Files](doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k3j9kd5mg) (1)
      **COMSOL_Output_(submission).xlsx** - output from COMSOL with the maximum
      values of the activation function for different depths, varying skin
      impedance properties. Sheet Name = 'Read In Contact Impedance'.
      Description: Sensitivity analysis of the thin contact layer impedance
      Branch = Trigeminal Nerve Branch (V1 indicates the V1 branch of the nerve,
      including the supraorbital nerve) Contact Conductance (S/m) = Conductance
      of the Thin Impedance Layer in FEM Model Nociceptor AF (V/m^2)
      = Activation function proxy for a cutaneous depth. Second-order spatial
      derivative of the extracellular potential along an unmyelinated fiber
      parallel to the surface of the skin. Nerve AF (V/m^2) = Activation
      function proxy for a nerve trunk depth. Second-order spatial derivative of
      the extracellular potential along an unmyelinated fiber parallel to the
      surface of the skin. Sheet Name = 'Read In Contact Thickness'.
      Description: Sensitivity analysis of the thin contact layer thickness
      Branch = Trigeminal Nerve Branch (V1 indicates the V1 branch of the nerve
      including the supraorbital nerve) Barrier Distance (um) =  Barrier
      distance (in microns). Distance between electrode contact and the upper
      skin layer. Representative impedance layer for the stratum corneum.
      Contact Conductance (S/m) = Conductance of the Thin Impedance Layer in FEM
      Model Nociceptor AF (V/m^2) = Activation function proxy for a cutaneous
      depth. Second-order spatial derivative of the extracellular potential
      along an unmyelinated fiber parallel to the surface of the skin. Nerve AF
      (V/m^2) = Activation function proxy for a nerve trunk depth. Second-order
      spatial derivative of the extracellular potential along an unmyelinated
      fiber parallel to the surface of the skin. (2)
      **FEM_Analysis_Script.ipynb** - Jupyter Notebook script to generate plots
      from 'Comsol_OUTPUT_(submission).xlsx'. This script reads in
      data from a sensitivity analysis across 'Contact Conductance'
      and 'Barrier Thickness' and generates figures illustrating the
      relative behavior of the second-order difference for the extracellular
      potential for generalized unmelinated fibers (V/m^2). (4)
      **Trigeminal_raw_data.xlsx** - Anatomical parameters for trigeminal nerve
      samples across a cohort of five human cadavers Sheet Name
      = 'Data'. Description: All data described below Donor = Human
      Cadaver ID Nerve = Trigeminal nerve branch (SoN = supraorbital nerve, IoN
      = Infraorbital Nerve, MN = Mental Nerve) L/R = Left/Right Total Area (um2)
      = Squared microns of total nerve and fascicular tissue in each histology
      sample Number of Fascicles = Count of fascicles within each nerve sample
      Area Fascicle (AF .. n) = Squared microns of fascicular tissue for each
      individual segmented fascicle. Each row indicates a different nerve, with
      subsequent columns being fascicles within that nerve. Total Fascicular
      Area (um^2) = Squared microns of fascicular area total. (Sum of all
      fascicles) Connective Tissue Area (um^2) = Squared microns of connective
      tissue area total. (Sum of all fascicles) Distance from Midline (mm) -
      Distance from the midline in the skull to the foramen in each nerve. Depth
      from Skin (mm) - Depth of each nerve sample relative to the upper surface
      of the skin at the foramen in each nerve. Length x Width (mm) - Length and
      width of each trigeminal nerve sample. Circumference (um) - Circumference
      of each trigeminal nerve sample. ## Code/Software (Additional Repository +
      License Required) All necessary outputs from COMSOL are included in
      Comsol_OUTPUT_(submission).xlsx, no license is necessary. For additional
      access, the FEM is available on GitHub, details below. [Access this COMSOL
      file on GitHub](https://github.com/kozmakd/TNS_FEM_analysis) using COMSOL
      6.2. Note that this raw COMSOL file requires an active license. Readable
      data is available above in **Comsol_OUTPUT_(submission).xlsx** ## Human
      subjects data Data were analyzed from microdissection and histological
      specimens obtained from five human donors provided by Science Care
      (Phoenix, AZ). The data were fully de-identified prior to analysis and
      publication. No personally identifiable information (PII), including
      names, dates of birth, or other direct or indirect identifiers, was
      collected or retained. The dataset here includes only anatomical
      measurements that cannot be linked to individual identities.
    </description>
  </descriptions>
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