{"data":{"id":"10.5061/dryad.g1jwstqv4","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.5061/dryad.g1jwstqv4","prefix":"10.5061","suffix":"dryad.g1jwstqv4","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Routledge, Jennifer","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Jennifer","familyName":"Routledge","affiliation":["Trent University"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1827-7767","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Sonne, Christian","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Christian","familyName":"Sonne","affiliation":["Aarhus University"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Letcher, Robert","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Robert","familyName":"Letcher","affiliation":["Carleton University"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Dietz, Runne","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Runne","familyName":"Dietz","affiliation":["Aarhus University"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Szpak, Paul","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Paul","familyName":"Szpak","affiliation":["Trent University"],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Data for: Unprecedented shift in Canadian High Arctic polar bear food web unsettles four millennia of stability"}],"publisher":"Dryad","container":{},"publicationYear":2022,"subjects":[{"subject":"FOS: History and archaeology","schemeUri":"https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"fos"},{"subject":"FOS: History and archaeology","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Polar Bear"},{"subject":"Stable isotope data"},{"subject":"Lancaster Sound"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2022-12-21T17:48:38Z","dateType":"Submitted"},{"date":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Issued"},{"date":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Available"}],"language":"en","types":{"ris":"DATA","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"dataset","schemaOrg":"Dataset","resourceType":"dataset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Dataset"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsCitedBy","relatedIdentifier":"10.1101/2022.11.28.518199","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"},{"relationType":"IsCitedBy","relatedIdentifier":"10.1016/j.ancene.2023.100397","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["99286 bytes"],"formats":[],"version":"2","rightsList":[{"rights":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rightsIdentifier":"cc0-1.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analysis was conducted on\n modern and archaeological polar bear bone collagen from the Canadian\n Arctic Archipelago to investigate potential changes in polar bear foraging\n ecology over four millennia. Polar bear δ13C values showed a significant\n decline in the modern samples relative to all archaeological time-bins,\n indicating a disruption in the sources of production that support the food\n web, occurring after the Industrial Revolution. The trophic structure,\n indicated through δ15N, remained unaltered throughout all time periods.\n The lower δ13C observed in the modern samples indicates a change in the\n relative importance of pelagic (supported by open-water phytoplankton)\n over sympagic (supported by sea ice-associated algae) primary production.\n The consistency in polar bear δ13C through the late Holocene includes\n climatic shifts such as the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, A.D. 950–1250) and\n the early stages of the Little Ice Age (LIA, A.D. 1300–1850). These\n findings suggest that polar bears inhabit a food web that is more pelagic\n and less sympagic today than it was through the Late Holocene. We suggest\n that modern, anthropogenic warming has already affected food web structure\n in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago when modern data are contextualized\n with a deep time perspective.","descriptionType":"Abstract"},{"description":"Ancient bone samples were\n collected from 35 polar bears from 10 archaeological sites in the region\n inhabited by the Lancaster Sound polar bear subpopulation.\n The archaeological samples came from\n pre-Dorset (N= 10; 4000–2800 BP), Dorset (N= 15; 1500–700 BP), and Thule\n (N= 10; 700–500 BP) sites, and consisted of several different anatomical\n elements but each element represented a distinct individual. The\n archaeological samples could not be sexed or aged. Modern bone samples (N=\n 11; 1998–2007 CE) were obtained from 11 individuals harvested within a 150\n km radius of the communities of Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), Aujuittuq (Grise\n Fiord), and Qausuittuq (Resolute) between 1998 and 2007. The modern\n samples consisted of polar bear bacula, collected as a mandatory sample by\n subsistence hunters. The modern samples were, therefore, male and ranged\n in age from three to 8-years-old.  For the archaeological specimens, chunks of bone\n weighing ~200 mg were sampled using an NSK dental drill equipped with a\n diamond-tipped cutting wheel. Samples were demineralized in 16×100 mm\n glass culture tubes with 0.5 M HCl at room temperature. After the samples\n were demineralized they were rinsed three times with Type I water\n (resistivity \u0026gt;18.2 MΩ·cm). The samples were treated with 0.1 M NaOH\n to remove humic contaminants from bones that exhibited a dark coloration.\n After 30 min, the NaOH was removed and samples were rinsed twice with Type\n I water. The samples were then placed in a solution of 0.01 M HCl and\n placed in a dry bath at 75˚C for 36 h, to solubilize the collagen. The\n collagen was extracted from the modern specimens using the same protocol\n with the following exceptions. First, powdered bone was removed from the\n samples using a Dremel equipped with a rotary burr. Because modern bone\n contains significant quantities of lipids whereas ancient bone does not,\n the samples were first treated with 2:1 chloroform:methanol under\n sonication for 1 h. The powdered samples were demineralized in 0.5 M HCl\n for 4 h. Demineralization in HCl does not alter the stable carbon or\n nitrogen isotopic composition of the bone collagen.\n The solution containing the\n solubilized collagen was then transferred into pre-weighed 4 ml glass\n vials and freeze-dried. Collagen samples (0.45−0.55 mg) were weighed into\n tin capsules for analysis with a EuroEA 3000 (Euro Vector SpA) Elemental\n Analyzer coupled to a Nu Horizon (Nu Instruments) continuous flow isotope\n ratio mass spectrometer at the Water Quality Centre at Trent University.\n Ten percent of samples were analyzed in duplicate to assess homogeneity.\n Analytical sessions were calibrated using international standards USGS40,\n USGS41a and USGS66. Accuracy and precision were assessed with in-house\n check standards: SRM-1 (caribou bone collagen), SRM-2 (walrus bone\n collagen), and SRM-14 (polar bear bone collagen). The standard uncertainty\n across analytical sessions was calculated to be ±0.13 ‰ for\n δ\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC and ±0.24 ‰ for\n δ\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN.\n \u003cstrong\u003eData\n Treatment\u003c/strong\u003e Modern bone samples may be particularly prone to\n contamination with lipids under certain circumstances. Despite lipid\n extraction with a commonly used protocol, we observed a correlation\n between the atomic C:N ratios and the δ\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC\n values of the collagen even though our highest C:N ratio was 3.30. This\n observation is consistent with increasing quantities of residual lipids\n causing lower δ\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC\n values as C:N ratios rise. No additional collagen from the modern\n specimens was available for further chemical pretreatment after the\n initial analyses. We therefore applied a mathematical correction to the\n modern bone collagen δ\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC\n values using the following equation:\n \u003cstrong\u003eEquation\n 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e \n δ\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003csub\u003elipid corrected\u003c/sub\u003e =\n δ\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003csub\u003emeasured\u003c/sub\u003e +\n (10.122)*(C:N\u003csub\u003emeasured\u003c/sub\u003e -\n C:N\u003csub\u003eexpected\u003c/sub\u003e)\n δ\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003csub\u003emeasured\u003c/sub\u003e and C:N\u003csub\u003emeasured\u003c/sub\u003e are the isotopic and elemental compositions determined for the sample prior to any adjustments. We used an expected C:N ratio for mammalian bone collagen of 3.23 (Guiry and Szpak, 2020), and 10.122 represents the slope of the regression line when plotting our modern C:N\u003csub\u003emeasured\u003c/sub\u003e and δ\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003csub\u003emeasured\u003c/sub\u003e. When comparing the δ\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC values of modern and ancient samples, it is important to correct for the global decrease in δ\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC of atmospheric and oceanic CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e since the beginning of the industrial revolution. A correction was calculated using Equation 2: \u003cstrong\u003eEquation 2: \u003c/strong\u003e ?\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e?\u003csub\u003e?????\u003c/sub\u003e = (?\u003csub\u003e????? ????\u003c/sub\u003e) × ? (? − 1850)\u003csup\u003e?\u003c/sup\u003e where α is the annual rate of decrease in δ\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC specific to the water body (we used a value of 0.014 ‰ for the Northwest Atlantic), \u003cem\u003ey\u003c/em\u003e is the year of sample harvest and \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e is the global oceanic decrease in δ\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC (0.027 ‰). The carbon isotopic compositions of the modern samples have undergone correction through Equations 1 and 2 and the revised carbon isotope values are denoted δ\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003csub\u003ecorr\u003c/sub\u003e. Both of these corrections have been applied to account for confounding causes of low δ\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC values in modern samples to avoid an exaggeration of any differences between modern and ancient samples since both of these adjustments increase the δ\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC values of the modern samples.","descriptionType":"Methods"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[{"schemeUri":"https://ror.org","funderName":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council","awardNumber":"Insight Grant","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04j5jqy92","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"schemeUri":"https://ror.org","funderName":"Canada Research Chairs","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/0517h6h17","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"}],"xml":"<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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  <identifier identifierType="DOI">10.5061/DRYAD.G1JWSTQV4</identifier>
  <creators>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Routledge, Jennifer</creatorName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0002-1827-7767</nameIdentifier>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03ygmq230" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Trent University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Sonne, Christian</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/01aj84f44" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Aarhus University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Letcher, Robert</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/02qtvee93" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Carleton University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Dietz, Runne</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/01aj84f44" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Aarhus University</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Szpak, Paul</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03ygmq230" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Trent University</affiliation>
    </creator>
  </creators>
  <titles>
    <title>
      Data for: Unprecedented shift in Canadian High Arctic polar bear food web
      unsettles four millennia of stability
    </title>
  </titles>
  <publisher publisherIdentifier="https://ror.org/00x6h5n95" publisherIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org/">Dryad</publisher>
  <resourceType resourceTypeGeneral="Dataset">dataset</resourceType>
  <publicationYear>2022</publicationYear>
  <subjects>
    <subject subjectScheme="fos" schemeURI="https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf">FOS: History and archaeology</subject>
    <subject>Polar Bear</subject>
    <subject>Stable isotope data</subject>
    <subject>Lancaster Sound</subject>
  </subjects>
  <fundingReferences>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council</funderName>
      <funderIdentifier funderIdentifierType="ROR">https://ror.org/04j5jqy92</funderIdentifier>
      <awardNumber>Insight Grant</awardNumber>
    </fundingReference>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>Canada Research Chairs</funderName>
      <funderIdentifier funderIdentifierType="ROR">https://ror.org/0517h6h17</funderIdentifier>
    </fundingReference>
  </fundingReferences>
  <dates>
    <date dateType="Submitted">2022-12-21T17:48:38Z</date>
    <date dateType="Issued">2022-12-29T00:00:00Z</date>
    <date dateType="Available">2022-12-29T00:00:00Z</date>
  </dates>
  <language>en</language>
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  <descriptions>
    <description descriptionType="Abstract">
      Stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analysis was conducted on
      modern and archaeological polar bear bone collagen from the Canadian
      Arctic Archipelago to investigate potential changes in polar bear foraging
      ecology over four millennia. Polar bear δ13C values showed a significant
      decline in the modern samples relative to all archaeological time-bins,
      indicating a disruption in the sources of production that support the food
      web, occurring after the Industrial Revolution. The trophic structure,
      indicated through δ15N, remained unaltered throughout all time periods.
      The lower δ13C observed in the modern samples indicates a change in the
      relative importance of pelagic (supported by open-water phytoplankton)
      over sympagic (supported by sea ice-associated algae) primary production.
      The consistency in polar bear δ13C through the late Holocene includes
      climatic shifts such as the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, A.D. 950–1250) and
      the early stages of the Little Ice Age (LIA, A.D. 1300–1850). These
      findings suggest that polar bears inhabit a food web that is more pelagic
      and less sympagic today than it was through the Late Holocene. We suggest
      that modern, anthropogenic warming has already affected food web structure
      in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago when modern data are contextualized
      with a deep time perspective.
    </description>
    <description descriptionType="Methods">
      &lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;Ancient bone samples were
      collected from 35 polar bears from 10 archaeological sites in the region
      inhabited by the Lancaster Sound polar bear subpopulation.&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;span lang="EN"&gt;The archaeological samples came from
      pre-Dorset (N= 10; 4000–2800 BP), Dorset (N= 15; 1500–700 BP), and Thule
      (N= 10; 700–500 BP) sites, and consisted of several different anatomical
      elements but each element represented a distinct individual. The
      archaeological samples could not be sexed or aged. Modern bone samples (N=
      11; 1998–2007 CE) were obtained from 11 individuals harvested within a 150
      km radius of the communities of Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), Aujuittuq (Grise
      Fiord), and Qausuittuq (Resolute) between 1998 and 2007. The modern
      samples consisted of polar bear bacula, collected as a mandatory sample by
      subsistence hunters. The modern samples were, therefore, male and ranged
      in age from three to 8-years-old.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt; For the archaeological specimens, chunks of bone
      weighing ~200 mg were sampled using an NSK dental drill equipped with a
      diamond-tipped cutting wheel. Samples were demineralized in 16×100 mm
      glass culture tubes with 0.5 M HCl at room temperature. After the samples
      were demineralized they were rinsed three times with Type I water
      (resistivity &amp;gt;18.2 MΩ·cm). The samples were treated with 0.1 M NaOH
      to remove humic contaminants from bones that exhibited a dark coloration.
      After 30 min, the NaOH was removed and samples were rinsed twice with Type
      I water. The samples were then placed in a solution of 0.01 M HCl and
      placed in a dry bath at 75˚C for 36 h, to solubilize the collagen. The
      collagen was extracted from the modern specimens using the same protocol
      with the following exceptions. First, powdered bone was removed from the
      samples using a Dremel equipped with a rotary burr. Because modern bone
      contains significant quantities of lipids whereas ancient bone does not,
      the samples were first treated with 2:1 chloroform:methanol under
      sonication for 1 h. The powdered samples were demineralized in 0.5 M HCl
      for 4 h. Demineralization in HCl does not alter the stable carbon or
      nitrogen isotopic composition of the bone collagen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;The solution containing the
      solubilized collagen was then transferred into pre-weighed 4 ml glass
      vials and freeze-dried. Collagen samples (0.45−0.55 mg) were weighed into
      tin capsules for analysis with a EuroEA 3000 (Euro Vector SpA) Elemental
      Analyzer coupled to a Nu Horizon (Nu Instruments) continuous flow isotope
      ratio mass spectrometer at the Water Quality Centre at Trent University.
      Ten percent of samples were analyzed in duplicate to assess homogeneity.
      Analytical sessions were calibrated using international standards USGS40,
      USGS41a and USGS66. Accuracy and precision were assessed with in-house
      check standards: SRM-1 (caribou bone collagen), SRM-2 (walrus bone
      collagen), and SRM-14 (polar bear bone collagen). The standard uncertainty
      across analytical sessions was calculated to be ±0.13 ‰ for
      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;δ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;C and ±0.24 ‰ for
      δ&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;Data
      Treatment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;Modern bone samples may be particularly prone to
      contamination with lipids under certain circumstances. Despite lipid
      extraction with a commonly used protocol, we observed a correlation
      between the atomic C:N ratios and the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;δ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;
      values of the collagen even though our highest C:N ratio was 3.30. This
      observation is consistent with increasing quantities of residual lipids
      causing lower &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;δ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;
      values as C:N ratios rise. No additional collagen from the modern
      specimens was available for further chemical pretreatment after the
      initial analyses. We therefore applied a mathematical correction to the
      modern bone collagen &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;δ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;
      values using the following equation:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;Equation
      1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; 
      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;δ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;&lt;sub&gt;lipid corrected&lt;/sub&gt; =
      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;δ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;&lt;sub&gt;measured&lt;/sub&gt; +
      (10.122)*(C:N&lt;sub&gt;measured&lt;/sub&gt; -
      C:N&lt;sub&gt;expected&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;δ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
      lang="EN"&gt;&lt;sub&gt;measured&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;C:N&lt;sub&gt;measured&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt; are the isotopic and elemental compositions determined for the sample prior to any adjustments. We used an expected C:N ratio for mammalian bone collagen of 3.23 (Guiry and Szpak, 2020), and 10.122 represents the slope of the regression line when plotting our modern &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;C:N&lt;sub&gt;measured&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;δ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;&lt;sub&gt;measured&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;When comparing the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;δ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt; values of modern and ancient samples, it is important to correct for the global decrease in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;δ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt; of atmospheric and oceanic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; since the beginning of the industrial revolution. A correction was calculated using Equation 2:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Equation 2: &lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;?&lt;sub&gt;?????&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span lang="EN"&gt;= (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;?????&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span lang="EN"&gt;????&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;) × &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt; − 1850)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;where α is the annual rate of decrease in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;δ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt; specific to the water body (we used a value of 0.014 ‰ for the Northwest Atlantic), &lt;em&gt;y&lt;/em&gt; is the year of sample harvest and &lt;em&gt;b&lt;/em&gt; is the global oceanic decrease in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;δ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt; (0.027 ‰).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;The carbon isotopic compositions of the modern samples have undergone correction through Equations 1 and 2 and the revised carbon isotope values are denoted &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;δ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;corr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;. Both of these corrections have been applied to account for confounding causes of low &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;δ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt; values in modern samples to avoid an exaggeration of any differences between modern and ancient samples since both of these adjustments increase the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;δ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt; values of the modern samples.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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