{"data":{"id":"10.5061/dryad.ffbg79d5q","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.5061/dryad.ffbg79d5q","prefix":"10.5061","suffix":"dryad.ffbg79d5q","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Zhou, Chunyang","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Chunyang","familyName":"Zhou","affiliation":["North Sichuan Medical University"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9916-742X","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]},{"name":"Wang, Yihua","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Yihua","familyName":"Wang","affiliation":["North Sichuan Medical University"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9916-742X","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]}],"titles":[{"title":"Synergistic effects of notoginsenoside R1 and saikosaponin B2 in atherosclerosis: a novel approach targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and macrophage autophagy"}],"publisher":"Dryad","container":{},"publicationYear":2026,"subjects":[{"subject":"FOS: Basic medicine","schemeUri":"https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"fos"},{"subject":"FOS: Basic medicine","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Pharmacology","schemeUri":"https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus","subjectScheme":"PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus"},{"subject":"Cardiovascular pharmacology","schemeUri":"https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus","subjectScheme":"PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus"},{"subject":"Cardiovascular medicine","schemeUri":"https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus","subjectScheme":"PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus"}],"contributors":[{"name":"North Sichuan Medical University","affiliation":[],"contributorType":"Sponsor","nameIdentifiers":[]}],"dates":[{"date":"2025-03-13T16:22:36Z","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2025-04-01T04:30:02Z","dateType":"Submitted"},{"date":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Issued"},{"date":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Available"}],"language":"en","types":{"ris":"DATA","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"dataset","schemaOrg":"Dataset","resourceType":"dataset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Dataset"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsCitedBy","relatedIdentifier":"10.1371/journal.pone.0326687","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["74026748 bytes"],"formats":[],"version":"13","rightsList":[{"rights":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rightsIdentifier":"cc0-1.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Atherosclerosis (AS) is a significant global contributor to cardiovascular\n diseases and related mortalities. The traditional treatment\n primarily employs statins,  but these drugs are often associated\n with side effects such as liver dysfunction and muscle\n impairment. Recent studies have highlighted the potential\n protective properties of saponin compounds derived from traditional herbal\n sources, such as notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) and\n saikosaponin B2 (SSB2), in combating AS. However, the comprehensive\n effects of these compounds against atherosclerosis and their underlying\n mechanisms remain inadequately understood. Firstly, we employed network\n pharmacology analysis to identify 113 common targets, including mTOR and\n CASP3, for NGR1, SSB2, and atherosclerosis (AS) from databases such as\n TCMSP. We constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and\n performed GO and KEGG enrichment analyses, revealing key signaling\n pathways involved in PI3K/Akt, inflammation, and autophagy. The\n atherosclerosis model was established using ApoE-/- mice\n fed with a \"Western diet,\" followed by treatment with NGR1,\n SSB2, or NS combination. Histological examinations including\n Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining, oil red\n O (ORO) staining, and/or CD68 immunofluorescence were\n conducted to evaluate the pathological conditions of the aortic root as\n well as the liver and kidneys in ApoE-/- mice. Our results\n indicate that the NS combination improves lipid levels, lipid transport,\n and unstable plaque formation in ApoE-/- mice without adversely affecting\n liver or kidney function. Finally, oxidized low-density lipoprotein\n (ox-LDL) was used to culture RAW264.7 macrophages to establish an in vitro\n foam cell model. The effects of NS combination on lipid\n uptake, inflammatory response, apoptosis, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling\n pathway, and autophagy were evaluated using methods such as CCK-8 assay,\n Oil Red O staining, immunofluorescence analysis, flow cytometry, RT-PCR,\n and Western blot analysis. The results indicated that NS combined\n treatment promoted autophagy by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. This\n significantly alleviated inflammation, reduced apoptosis and lipid\n accumulation, thereby improving the pathological progression of\n atherosclerosis. Collectively, this study demonstrates, for the\n first time, that the NS combination synergistically activates macrophage\n autophagy by suppressing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, thereby attenuating\n lipid accumulation, inflammation, and apoptosis in atherosclerotic models.","descriptionType":"Abstract"},{"description":"# Synergistic effects of notoginsenoside R1 and saikosaponin B2 in\n atherosclerosis: a novel approach targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and\n macrophage autophagy Dataset DOI:\n [10.5061/dryad.ffbg79d5q](10.5061/dryad.ffbg79d5q) ## Description of the\n data and file structure Total protein was extracted from cells or tissue\n using RIPA buffer (BL504A, Biosharp, China) supplemented with protease\n inhibitors (P1045, Beyotime, China), and phosphatase inhibitors (P1045,\n Beyotime, China). Protein concentration was measured using a BCA protein\n assay kit (Bio-Rad, China).The protein samples were then mixed with 5× SDS\n sample buffer (P0015, Beyotime, China) and heated at 95°C for 15 minutes.\n Subsequently, 30 μg of protein from each sample was separated by 7%, 10%,\n or 12.5% SDS-PAGE (60V for 15 minutes; 110V for 75 minutes).The proteins\n were transferredl to a 0.22μm PVDF membrane (Millipore, USA) (200mA for 80\n minutes). The membrane was blockedwith 5% non-fat milk in TBST and\n incubated with diluted primary antibodies at 4°C overnight on a shaker.\n The antibodies included: AKT Monoclonal antibody (60203-2-Ig, Proteintech,\n China), Phospho-AKT (Ser473) Monoclonal antibody (66444-1-Ig, Proteintech,\n China), mTOR Monoclonal antibody (66888-1-Ig), Phospho-mTOR (Ser2448)\n Monoclonal antibody (67778-1-Ig, Proteintech, China), PI3 Kinase p110 Beta\n Polyclonal antibody (20584-1-AP, Proteintech, China), Phospho-PI3 Kinase\n p85 (Tyr458)/p55 (Tyr199) Antibody (4228T, CST, USA), IL-1 Beta Polyclonal\n antibody (16806-1-AP, Proteintech, China), IL-18 Polyclonal antibody\n (10663-1-AP, Proteintech, China), Nlrp3 Polyclonal antibody (30109-1-AP,\n Proteintech, China), Caspase 3/p17/p19 Polyclonal antibody (19677-1-AP,\n Proteintech, China), BAX Polyclonal antibody (50599-2-Ig, Proteintech,\n China), Bcl2 Polyclonal antibody (A00040-1, Boster, China),\n Anti-LC3B/MAP1LC3B Antibody (BM4827, Boster, China), Beclin-1 Antibody\n (3738T, CST, USA), Anti-P62/SQSTM1 Antibody (M00300-1, Boster,\n China).After incubation with secondary antibodies (BA1056, Boster, Wuhan,\n China) for 1 hour, protein bands were visualized using an enhanced ECL\n chemiluminescence reagent (P0018AM, Beyotime, China) and an Odyssey\n infrared imaging scanner (LI-COR Biosciences). The intensity of the bands\n was analyzed using Image-J software (NIH, Bethesda, MD) and and protein\n expression levels were normalized to β-actin as a loading control.\n `S1_raw_images.pdf`\\ This file contains the original, uncut Western blot\n images corresponding to all figures in the manuscript. Each blot is\n labeled with the corresponding figure number and molecular weight\n markers.The PDF also includes membrane staining and loading control\n (β-actin) images.","descriptionType":"TechnicalInfo"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[{"schemeUri":"https://ror.org","funderName":"North Sichuan Medical University","awardNumber":"CBY23-QDA11","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/05k3sdc46","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"schemeUri":"https://ror.org","funderName":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","awardNumber":"2020YFS0528","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/04323m874","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"}],"xml":"<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Zhou, Chunyang</creatorName>
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  <titles>
    <title>
      Synergistic effects of notoginsenoside R1 and saikosaponin B2 in
      atherosclerosis: a novel approach targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and
      macrophage autophagy
    </title>
  </titles>
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    <subject subjectScheme="PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus" schemeURI="https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus">Pharmacology</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus" schemeURI="https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus">Cardiovascular pharmacology</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="PLOS Subject Area Thesaurus" schemeURI="https://github.com/PLOS/plos-thesaurus">Cardiovascular medicine</subject>
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  <fundingReferences>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>North Sichuan Medical University</funderName>
      <funderIdentifier funderIdentifierType="ROR">https://ror.org/05k3sdc46</funderIdentifier>
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    <date dateType="Created">2025-03-13T16:22:36Z</date>
    <date dateType="Submitted">2025-04-01T04:30:02Z</date>
    <date dateType="Issued">2026-05-05T00:00:00Z</date>
    <date dateType="Available">2026-05-05T00:00:00Z</date>
  </dates>
  <language>en</language>
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  <descriptions>
    <description descriptionType="Abstract">
      Atherosclerosis (AS) is a significant global contributor to cardiovascular
      diseases and related mortalities.&amp;nbsp;The traditional treatment
      primarily employs statins, &amp;nbsp;but these drugs are often associated
      with side effects such as liver dysfunction and muscle
      impairment.&amp;nbsp;Recent studies have highlighted the potential
      protective properties of saponin compounds derived from traditional herbal
      sources, such as notoginsenoside&amp;nbsp;R1&amp;nbsp;(NGR1) and
      saikosaponin B2 (SSB2), in combating AS. However, the comprehensive
      effects of these compounds against atherosclerosis and their underlying
      mechanisms remain inadequately understood. Firstly, we employed network
      pharmacology analysis to identify 113 common targets, including mTOR and
      CASP3, for NGR1, SSB2, and atherosclerosis (AS) from databases such as
      TCMSP. We constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and
      performed GO and KEGG enrichment analyses, revealing key signaling
      pathways involved in PI3K/Akt, inflammation, and autophagy. The
      atherosclerosis&amp;nbsp;model was established using ApoE-/-&amp;nbsp;mice
      fed with a "Western diet," followed by treatment with NGR1,
      SSB2, or NS&amp;nbsp;combination. Histological examinations including
      Hematoxylin-Eosin&amp;nbsp;(HE)&amp;nbsp;staining, oil red
      O&amp;nbsp;(ORO)&amp;nbsp;staining, and/or CD68 immunofluorescence were
      conducted to evaluate the pathological conditions of the aortic root as
      well as the liver and kidneys in ApoE-/-&amp;nbsp;mice. Our results
      indicate that the NS combination improves lipid levels, lipid transport,
      and unstable plaque formation in ApoE-/- mice without adversely affecting
      liver or kidney function. Finally, oxidized low-density lipoprotein
      (ox-LDL) was used to culture RAW264.7 macrophages to establish an in vitro
      foam cell model. The effects of NS&amp;nbsp;combination&amp;nbsp;on lipid
      uptake, inflammatory response, apoptosis, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling
      pathway, and autophagy were evaluated using methods such as CCK-8 assay,
      Oil Red O staining, immunofluorescence analysis, flow cytometry, RT-PCR,
      and Western blot analysis. The results indicated that NS combined
      treatment promoted autophagy by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. This
      significantly alleviated inflammation, reduced apoptosis and lipid
      accumulation, thereby improving the pathological progression of
      atherosclerosis.&amp;nbsp;Collectively, this study demonstrates, for the
      first time, that the NS combination synergistically activates macrophage
      autophagy by suppressing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, thereby attenuating
      lipid accumulation, inflammation, and apoptosis in atherosclerotic models.
    </description>
    <description descriptionType="TechnicalInfo">
      # Synergistic effects of notoginsenoside R1 and saikosaponin B2 in
      atherosclerosis: a novel approach targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and
      macrophage autophagy Dataset DOI:
      [10.5061/dryad.ffbg79d5q](10.5061/dryad.ffbg79d5q) ## Description of the
      data and file structure Total protein was extracted from cells or tissue
      using RIPA buffer (BL504A, Biosharp, China) supplemented with protease
      inhibitors (P1045, Beyotime, China), and phosphatase inhibitors (P1045,
      Beyotime, China). Protein concentration was measured using a BCA protein
      assay kit (Bio-Rad, China).The protein samples were then mixed with 5× SDS
      sample buffer (P0015, Beyotime, China) and heated at 95°C for 15 minutes.
      Subsequently, 30 μg of protein from each sample was separated by 7%, 10%,
      or 12.5% SDS-PAGE (60V for 15 minutes; 110V for 75 minutes).The proteins
      were transferredl to a 0.22μm PVDF membrane (Millipore, USA) (200mA for 80
      minutes). The membrane was blockedwith 5% non-fat milk in TBST and
      incubated with diluted primary antibodies at 4°C overnight on a shaker.
      The antibodies included: AKT Monoclonal antibody (60203-2-Ig, Proteintech,
      China), Phospho-AKT (Ser473) Monoclonal antibody (66444-1-Ig, Proteintech,
      China), mTOR Monoclonal antibody (66888-1-Ig), Phospho-mTOR (Ser2448)
      Monoclonal antibody (67778-1-Ig, Proteintech, China), PI3 Kinase p110 Beta
      Polyclonal antibody (20584-1-AP, Proteintech, China), Phospho-PI3 Kinase
      p85 (Tyr458)/p55 (Tyr199) Antibody (4228T, CST, USA), IL-1 Beta Polyclonal
      antibody (16806-1-AP, Proteintech, China), IL-18 Polyclonal antibody
      (10663-1-AP, Proteintech, China), Nlrp3 Polyclonal antibody (30109-1-AP,
      Proteintech, China), Caspase 3/p17/p19 Polyclonal antibody (19677-1-AP,
      Proteintech, China), BAX Polyclonal antibody (50599-2-Ig, Proteintech,
      China), Bcl2 Polyclonal antibody (A00040-1, Boster, China),
      Anti-LC3B/MAP1LC3B Antibody (BM4827, Boster, China), Beclin-1 Antibody
      (3738T, CST, USA), Anti-P62/SQSTM1 Antibody (M00300-1, Boster,
      China).After incubation with secondary antibodies (BA1056, Boster, Wuhan,
      China) for 1 hour, protein bands were visualized using an enhanced ECL
      chemiluminescence reagent (P0018AM, Beyotime, China) and an Odyssey
      infrared imaging scanner (LI-COR Biosciences). The intensity of the bands
      was analyzed using Image-J software (NIH, Bethesda, MD) and and protein
      expression levels were normalized to β-actin as a loading control.
      `S1_raw_images.pdf`\ This file contains the original, uncut Western blot
      images corresponding to all figures in the manuscript. Each blot is
      labeled with the corresponding figure number and molecular weight
      markers.The PDF also includes membrane staining and loading control
      (β-actin) images.
    </description>
  </descriptions>
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