{"data":{"id":"10.5061/dryad.8gtht772w","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.5061/dryad.8gtht772w","prefix":"10.5061","suffix":"dryad.8gtht772w","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Xu, Changlu","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Changlu","familyName":"Xu","affiliation":["University of California, Los Angeles"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Li, Zhi","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Zhi","familyName":"Li","affiliation":["University of California, Los Angeles"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Kang, Minjee","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Minjee","familyName":"Kang","affiliation":["University of California, Los Angeles"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Sheng, Ruoyu","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Ruoyu","familyName":"Sheng","affiliation":["University of California, Riverside"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Han, Bing","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Bing","familyName":"Han","affiliation":["University of California, Los Angeles"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Chen, Yiqing","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Yiqing","familyName":"Chen","affiliation":["University of California, Riverside"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Aghaloo, Tara","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Tara","familyName":"Aghaloo","affiliation":["University of California, Los Angeles"],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Lee, Min","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Min","familyName":"Lee","affiliation":["University of California, Los Angeles"],"nameIdentifiers":[{"schemeUri":"https://orcid.org","nameIdentifier":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2813-2091","nameIdentifierScheme":"ORCID"}]}],"titles":[{"title":"Data from: Self-assembled nanoclay gel with spheroid MSC-derived exosome mimetics to integrate demineralized bone matrix and noggin-targeting miRNA for synergistic osteogenesis"}],"publisher":"Dryad","container":{},"publicationYear":2026,"subjects":[{"subject":"FOS: Nano-technology","schemeUri":"https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"fos"},{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","schemeUri":"https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"fos"},{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"demineralized bone matrix"},{"subject":"exosome mimetic"},{"subject":"noggin-targeting miRNA"},{"subject":"bone regeneration"},{"subject":"self-healing hydrogel"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2025-12-13T19:33:54Z","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2026-03-27T15:16:43Z","dateType":"Submitted"},{"date":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Issued"},{"date":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","dateType":"Available"}],"language":"en","types":{"ris":"DATA","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"dataset","schemaOrg":"Dataset","resourceType":"dataset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Dataset"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsCitedBy","relatedIdentifier":"10.1002/adfm.75272","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["83054 bytes"],"formats":[],"version":"5","rightsList":[{"rights":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","schemeUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/","rightsIdentifier":"cc0-1.0","rightsIdentifierScheme":"SPDX"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is widely used as an alternative to\n autografts for repairing bone defects, but its clinical efficacy is\n limited by poor retention at the defect site and inadequate osteogenic\n capacity. Here, we developed a multifunctional carrier system aimed at\n improving the capacity of DBM by utilizing nanoclay-based self-assembly\n along with cell-derived exosome mimetics (EMs). EMs were derived from\n mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) osteogenically induced in spheroids and were\n functionalized with bisphosphonates (BP) to assemble a stable gel network\n with laponite nanoclays via BP-nanoclay edge interactions. The resulting\n self-assembled nanoclay gel exhibited excellent injectability,\n moldability, and self-healing properties, even when loaded with a high\n concentration of DBM, and supported MSC osteogenic differentiation. We\n further enhanced the potency of DBM-mediated osteogenesis and bone\n morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the nanoclay gel by incorporating\n BP-functionalized EMs loaded with miR-200c that can target BMP antagonist\n noggin. Lastly, we validated the bone regeneration efficacy of DBM-loaded\n nanoclay gels in comparison to commercially available DBM putties using a\n mouse calvarial defect model. This approach presents a versatile nanoclay\n gel carrier platform that overcomes the limitations of current DBM\n formulations and provides a promising strategy for improved bone repair.","descriptionType":"Abstract"},{"description":"\u003cstrong\u003ePreparation and characterization of\n EM-BPs\u003c/strong\u003e MSC spheroids were generated via\n the spontaneous aggregation of MSCs in agarose microwells. The spheroids\n were dissociated using trypsin–EDTA and sequentially extruded through a\n polycarbonate membrane with pore sizes of 5 μm and 1 μm (Whatman) using a\n mini-extruder system (Avanti Polar Lipids). To ensure that the produced\n EMs have a uniform size and a narrow size distribution, the cell\n suspension was extruded through each filter for at least 15 to 20 cycles.\n The concentration of EMs was measured using a Pierce BCA protein assay kit\n (Thermo Fisher). The particle size, zeta potential, and PDI of EMs were\n measured using a dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument (Malvern). To\n insert DSPE-PEG-BP into the EM membrane or load miRNA in the vesicles, the\n DSPE-PEG-BP or miRNA was added to the cell suspension prior to\n extrusion. \u003cstrong\u003ePreparation and\n characterization of LAP/EM-BP nanoclay gel\u003c/strong\u003e\n To prepare the LAP/EM-BP nanoclay gel, 100 μL 8% LAP was mixed\n with 300 μL EM-BP. The two components self-assembled to stable gel within\n a few minutes, and the gelation time varied with the different\n concentrations of EM-BP incorporated. To incorporate DBM into the nanoclay\n gels, the DBM particles were added to the LAP/EM-BP nanoclay gel and\n uniformly mixed using a spatula to form a composite gel. The compressive\n properties of LAP/EM-BP nanoclay gels with and without DBM were tested\n using a UniVert kN Mechanical Test System (CellScale) equipped with a 20 N\n load cell. \u003cstrong\u003eBioactivity of LAP/EM-BP\n nanoclay gel\u003c/strong\u003e MSCs were encapsulated in\n the gels and cultured in growth medium (DMEM with 10% FBS and 1% P/S) for\n 1, 4, and 7 days. Cell viability at each time point was evaluated using a\n live/dead assay (Invitrogen). Cell proliferation was quantified using a\n 10% (v/v) AlamarBlue assay. To evaluate osteogenic differentiation, MSCs\n encapsulated in the gels were cultured in osteogenic differentiation\n medium. For qRT-PCR experiments, total RNA was extracted using the RNeasy\n Mini Kit (Qiagen) and RNA concentration was measured with a NanoDrop\n spectrophotometer. Complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis was conducted using\n a SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis Kit (Invitrogen), followed by\n gene amplification on a LightCycler 480 system (Roche). To evaluate ALP\n activity, cells in gels were fixed in 10% formalin and incubated with an\n ALP staining solution. To quantify ALP activity, cells were lysed and then\n centrifuged to remove debris. The resulting supernatant was incubated with\n ALP substrate solution and the absorbance was measured at 405 nm.\n Mineralization was evaluated using ARS staining. ARS-stained cells were\n dispersed in 10% (v/v) acetic acid, and absorbance was measured at 405 nm.\n The osteogenic effect of nanoclay gel loaded with DBM and noggin-targeting\n miRNA was further investigated by Western blotting. Cells loaded in gel\n were lysed to extract total protein. Lysates were separated via SDS-PAGE\n and transferred onto PVDF membranes. Membranes were incubated with primary\n antibodies specific to noggin, pSMAD1/5, or GAPDH (Santa Cruz\n Biotechnology, USA), followed by HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies.\n Protein bands were visualized using SuperSignal West Pico chemiluminescent\n substrate and imaged with a ChemiDoc™ Touch system (Bio-Rad, USA). Band\n intensities were quantified using AIWBwell software (Servicebio, China) to\n assess relative protein expression levels.\n \u003cstrong\u003eBone regeneration capacity of nanoclay\n gels\u003c/strong\u003e The in vivo bone regenerative\n effect of nanoclay gels incorporating DBM and noggin-targeting miRNA was\n assessed using a calvarial defect model in mice. After eight weeks of\n surgery, all the animals were sacrificed to collect the calvarial samples.\n The calvarial samples were first fixed utilizing 4% formaldehyde for two\n days. The fixed samples were then scanned with a micro-CT instrument\n (SkyScan, Bruker). A 0.25 mm filter and 20 μm resolution were selected\n during the scanning. Three-dimensional reconstruction was conducted using\n NRecon, DataViewer, and Dragonfly. The relative area of new bone formation\n was calculated using the reconstructed images via ImageJ. The other\n microstructural parameters were obtained using CTAn software\n (Bruker). \u003cem\u003ePlease refer to the associated\n article for more details.\u003c/em\u003e","descriptionType":"Methods"},{"description":"# Data from: Self-assembled nanoclay gel with spheroid MSC-derived exosome\n mimetics to integrate demineralized bone matrix and noggin-targeting miRNA\n for synergistic osteogenesis Dataset DOI:\n [10.5061/dryad.8gtht772w](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8gtht772w) ##\n Description of the data and file structure This dataset includes raw\n measurements of physical, mechanical, and osteogenic properties\n of LAP/EM-BP nanoclay gels incorporating DBM. ### Files and variables ####\n File: Figure_1.xlsx **Description:** Preparation and characterization of\n EM-BPs and LAP/EM-BP nanoclay gels. (c-d) Zeta potential and PDI of EMs\n with and without BP modification. (m) Compressive modulus of nanoclay gels\n containing different EM-BP concentrations. #### File: Figure_2.xlsx\n **Description:** Biocompatibility and osteogenic potential of nanoclay\n gels. (c) Quantification of MSC proliferation within nanoclay gels. (d-h)\n Expression levels of osteogenic genes ALP, Runx2, OCN, OPN, and COL1A1 in\n MSCs cultured within nanoclay gels containing EM-BPs derived from\n 2D-cultured MSCs. (k-l) Quantitative analyses of ALP activity and ARS\n staining to assess osteogenic differentiation. (m-q) Expression of\n osteogenic genes ALP, Runx2, OCN, OPN, and COL1A1 in MSCs cultured within\n nanoclay gels incorporating EM-BPs derived from osteogenically induced\n spheroid MSCs. #### File: Figure_3.xlsx **Description:** Preparation and\n characterization of LAP/EM-BP nanoclay gels incorporating DBM. (g)\n Compressive modulus of nanoclay gels formulated with varying DBM\n concentrations. #### File: Figure_4.xlsx **Description:** Osteogenic\n effects of EM-BPs in DBM-loaded nanoclay hydrogels. (a-f) Quantitative\n expression of osteogenic markers ALP, Runx2, OCN, BMP-2, OPN, and COL1A1\n in MSCs cultured within the different nanocomposite gels. (g-h) Expression\n analysis of key genes in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. (i)\n Expression levels of the BMP antagonist noggin across the various\n treatment groups. #### File: Figure_5.xlsx **Description:** Osteogenic\n effects of nanoclay gels incorporating DBM and noggin-targeting miRNA.\n (c-d) Quantitative analysis of ALP activity and noggin expression in MSCs\n treated with EM-BPs carrying different miR-200c loads. (e-i) Gene\n expression of osteogenic markers (ALP, Runx2, OCN, BMP-2) and the BMP\n antagonist noggin in MSCs cultured within nanoclay gels incorporating DBM\n and miR-200c-loaded EM-BPs. (j-l) Western blot analysis of pSmad1/5 and\n noggin in different treatment groups. #### File: Figure_6.xlsx\n **Description:** Osteogenic performance of nanoclay hydrogels\n incorporating DBM and noggin-targeting miRNA in vivo. (b-e) Quantitative\n micro-CT analyses of (b) relative new bone area, (c) bone volume fraction\n (BV/TV), (d) trabecular number, and (e) bone mineral density (BMD). ####\n File: Figure_S1.xlsx **Description:** Expression of ALP, Runx2, and OCN in\n MSCs treated with EM and EM-BP. #### File: Figure_S6.xlsx\n **Description:** Antagonism induced by DBM. (b-c) Quantitative analysis of\n ALP and noggin mRNA expression levels. **Test Groups:** * EM-BP           \n                             EM functionalized with bisphosphonates *\n LAP/EM-BP                               Nanoclay gels self-assembled by\n LAP and EM-BP * LAP/EM-BP/DBM                    Nanoclay gels\n incorporating DBM * LAP/EM-BP/miRNA                Nanoclay gels\n incorporating miRNA * LAP/EM-BP/DBM/miRNA     Nanoclay gels incorporating\n DBM and miRNA * LAP/HA                                     Hyaluronic acid\n gels self-assembled by LAP * LAP/HA/DBM                         \n DBM-loaded hyaluronic acid gels * LAP/DBM/EM-BP_L               \n DBM-loaded nanoclay gels incorporating low-dose EM-BP * LAP/DBM/EM-BP_H   \n            DBM-loaded nanoclay gels incorporating high dose EM-BP\n **Abbreviations:** * 2D                   Two-dimensional *\n ALP                 Alkaline phosphatase * ARS                 Alizarin\n red S * BMD               Bone Mineral Density * BMP               Bone\n Morphogenetic Protein * BP                   Bisphosphonates * BV/TV     \n       Bone Volume / Tissue Volume * COL1A1        Collagen type I alpha 1\n * CT                   Computed Tomography * DBM              \n Demineralized Bone Matrix * EM                  Exosome Mimetics *\n LAP                 Laponite * MSC                Mesenchymal Stem Cell *\n OCN               Osteocalcin * OPN               Osteopontin *\n PDI                  Polydispersity Index  * RUNX2           Runt-related\n transcription factor 2","descriptionType":"TechnicalInfo"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[{"awardUri":"https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/11098421","schemeUri":"https://ror.org","funderName":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","awardNumber":"R01DE031711","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/004a2wv92","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"},{"awardUri":"https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/11226287","schemeUri":"https://ror.org","funderName":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","awardNumber":"R01DE027332","funderIdentifier":"https://ror.org/004a2wv92","funderIdentifierType":"ROR"}],"xml":"<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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  <identifier identifierType="DOI">10.5061/DRYAD.8GTHT772W</identifier>
  <creators>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Xu, Changlu</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/046rm7j60" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, Los Angeles</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Li, Zhi</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/046rm7j60" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, Los Angeles</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Kang, Minjee</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/046rm7j60" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, Los Angeles</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Sheng, Ruoyu</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03nawhv43" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, Riverside</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Han, Bing</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/046rm7j60" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, Los Angeles</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Chen, Yiqing</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/03nawhv43" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, Riverside</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Aghaloo, Tara</creatorName>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/046rm7j60" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, Los Angeles</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Lee, Min</creatorName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0003-2813-2091</nameIdentifier>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/046rm7j60" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">University of California, Los Angeles</affiliation>
    </creator>
  </creators>
  <titles>
    <title>
      Data from: Self-assembled nanoclay gel with spheroid MSC-derived exosome
      mimetics to integrate demineralized bone matrix and noggin-targeting miRNA
      for synergistic osteogenesis
    </title>
  </titles>
  <publisher publisherIdentifier="https://ror.org/00x6h5n95" publisherIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org/">Dryad</publisher>
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  <publicationYear>2026</publicationYear>
  <subjects>
    <subject subjectScheme="fos" schemeURI="https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf">FOS: Nano-technology</subject>
    <subject subjectScheme="fos" schemeURI="https://web-archive.oecd.org/2012-06-15/138575-38235147.pdf">FOS: Biological sciences</subject>
    <subject>demineralized bone matrix</subject>
    <subject>exosome mimetic</subject>
    <subject>noggin-targeting miRNA</subject>
    <subject>bone regeneration</subject>
    <subject>self-healing hydrogel</subject>
  </subjects>
  <fundingReferences>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research</funderName>
      <funderIdentifier funderIdentifierType="ROR">https://ror.org/004a2wv92</funderIdentifier>
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      <funderName>National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research</funderName>
      <funderIdentifier funderIdentifierType="ROR">https://ror.org/004a2wv92</funderIdentifier>
      <awardNumber awardURI="https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/11226287">R01DE027332</awardNumber>
      <awardTitle/>
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  <dates>
    <date dateType="Created">2025-12-13T19:33:54Z</date>
    <date dateType="Submitted">2026-03-27T15:16:43Z</date>
    <date dateType="Issued">2026-04-09T00:00:00Z</date>
    <date dateType="Available">2026-04-09T00:00:00Z</date>
  </dates>
  <language>en</language>
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    <relatedIdentifier relationType="IsCitedBy" relatedIdentifierType="DOI">https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.75272</relatedIdentifier>
  </relatedIdentifiers>
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  <rightsList>
    <rights rightsURI="https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html">Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal</rights>
  </rightsList>
  <descriptions>
    <description descriptionType="Abstract">
      Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is widely used as an alternative to
      autografts for repairing bone defects, but its clinical efficacy is
      limited by poor retention at the defect site and inadequate osteogenic
      capacity. Here, we developed a multifunctional carrier system aimed at
      improving the capacity of DBM by utilizing nanoclay-based self-assembly
      along with cell-derived exosome mimetics (EMs). EMs were derived from
      mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) osteogenically induced in spheroids and were
      functionalized with bisphosphonates (BP) to assemble a stable gel network
      with laponite nanoclays via BP-nanoclay edge interactions. The resulting
      self-assembled nanoclay gel exhibited excellent injectability,
      moldability, and self-healing properties, even when loaded with a high
      concentration of DBM, and supported MSC osteogenic differentiation. We
      further enhanced the potency of DBM-mediated osteogenesis and bone
      morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the nanoclay gel by incorporating
      BP-functionalized EMs loaded with miR-200c that can target BMP antagonist
      noggin. Lastly, we validated the bone regeneration efficacy of DBM-loaded
      nanoclay gels in comparison to commercially available DBM putties using a
      mouse calvarial defect model. This approach presents a versatile nanoclay
      gel carrier platform that overcomes the limitations of current DBM
      formulations and provides a promising strategy for improved bone repair.
    </description>
    <description descriptionType="Methods">
      &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Preparation and characterization of
      EM-BPs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;MSC spheroids were generated via
      the spontaneous aggregation of MSCs in agarose microwells. The spheroids
      were dissociated using trypsin–EDTA and sequentially extruded through a
      polycarbonate membrane with pore sizes of 5 μm and 1 μm (Whatman) using a
      mini-extruder system (Avanti Polar Lipids). To ensure that the produced
      EMs have a uniform size and a narrow size distribution, the cell
      suspension was extruded through each filter for at least 15 to 20 cycles.
      The concentration of EMs was measured using a Pierce BCA protein assay kit
      (Thermo Fisher). The particle size, zeta potential, and PDI of EMs were
      measured using a dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument (Malvern). To
      insert DSPE-PEG-BP into the EM membrane or load miRNA in the vesicles, the
      DSPE-PEG-BP or miRNA was added to the cell suspension prior to
      extrusion.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Preparation and
      characterization of LAP/EM-BP nanoclay gel&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;To prepare the LAP/EM-BP nanoclay gel, 100 μL 8% LAP was mixed
      with 300 μL EM-BP. The two components self-assembled to stable gel within
      a few minutes, and the gelation time varied with the different
      concentrations of EM-BP incorporated. To incorporate DBM into the nanoclay
      gels, the DBM particles were added to the LAP/EM-BP nanoclay gel and
      uniformly mixed using a spatula to form a composite gel. The compressive
      properties of LAP/EM-BP nanoclay gels with and without DBM were tested
      using a UniVert kN Mechanical Test System (CellScale) equipped with a 20 N
      load cell.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bioactivity of LAP/EM-BP
      nanoclay gel&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;MSCs were encapsulated in
      the gels and cultured in growth medium (DMEM with 10% FBS and 1% P/S) for
      1, 4, and 7 days. Cell viability at each time point was evaluated using a
      live/dead assay (Invitrogen). Cell proliferation was quantified using a
      10% (v/v) AlamarBlue assay. To evaluate osteogenic differentiation, MSCs
      encapsulated in the gels were cultured in osteogenic differentiation
      medium. For qRT-PCR experiments, total RNA was extracted using the RNeasy
      Mini Kit (Qiagen) and RNA concentration was measured with a NanoDrop
      spectrophotometer. Complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis was conducted using
      a SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis Kit (Invitrogen), followed by
      gene amplification on a LightCycler 480 system (Roche). To evaluate ALP
      activity, cells in gels were fixed in 10% formalin and incubated with an
      ALP staining solution. To quantify ALP activity, cells were lysed and then
      centrifuged to remove debris. The resulting supernatant was incubated with
      ALP substrate solution and the absorbance was measured at 405 nm.
      Mineralization was evaluated using ARS staining. ARS-stained cells were
      dispersed in 10% (v/v) acetic acid, and absorbance was measured at 405 nm.
      The osteogenic effect of nanoclay gel loaded with DBM and noggin-targeting
      miRNA was further investigated by Western blotting. Cells loaded in gel
      were lysed to extract total protein. Lysates were separated via SDS-PAGE
      and transferred onto PVDF membranes. Membranes were incubated with primary
      antibodies specific to noggin, pSMAD1/5, or GAPDH (Santa Cruz
      Biotechnology, USA), followed by HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies.
      Protein bands were visualized using SuperSignal West Pico chemiluminescent
      substrate and imaged with a ChemiDoc™ Touch system (Bio-Rad, USA). Band
      intensities were quantified using AIWBwell software (Servicebio, China) to
      assess relative protein expression levels.&lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bone regeneration capacity of nanoclay
      gels&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The in vivo bone regenerative
      effect of nanoclay gels incorporating DBM and noggin-targeting miRNA was
      assessed using a calvarial defect model in mice. After eight weeks of
      surgery, all the animals were sacrificed to collect the calvarial samples.
      The calvarial samples were first fixed utilizing 4% formaldehyde for two
      days. The fixed samples were then scanned with a micro-CT instrument
      (SkyScan, Bruker). A 0.25 mm filter and 20 μm resolution were selected
      during the scanning. Three-dimensional reconstruction was conducted using
      NRecon, DataViewer, and Dragonfly. The relative area of new bone formation
      was calculated using the reconstructed images via ImageJ. The other
      microstructural parameters were obtained using CTAn software
      (Bruker).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Please refer to the associated
      article for more details.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
    </description>
    <description descriptionType="TechnicalInfo">
      # Data from: Self-assembled nanoclay gel with spheroid MSC-derived exosome
      mimetics to integrate demineralized bone matrix and noggin-targeting miRNA
      for synergistic osteogenesis Dataset DOI:
      [10.5061/dryad.8gtht772w](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8gtht772w) ##
      Description of the data and file structure This dataset includes raw
      measurements of physical, mechanical, and osteogenic properties
      of LAP/EM-BP nanoclay gels incorporating DBM. ### Files and variables ####
      File: Figure_1.xlsx **Description:** Preparation and characterization of
      EM-BPs and LAP/EM-BP nanoclay gels. (c-d) Zeta potential and PDI of EMs
      with and without BP modification. (m) Compressive modulus of nanoclay gels
      containing different EM-BP concentrations. #### File: Figure_2.xlsx
      **Description:** Biocompatibility and osteogenic potential of nanoclay
      gels. (c) Quantification of MSC proliferation within nanoclay gels. (d-h)
      Expression levels of osteogenic genes ALP, Runx2, OCN, OPN, and COL1A1 in
      MSCs cultured within nanoclay gels containing EM-BPs derived from
      2D-cultured MSCs. (k-l) Quantitative analyses of ALP activity and ARS
      staining to assess osteogenic differentiation. (m-q) Expression of
      osteogenic genes ALP, Runx2, OCN, OPN, and COL1A1 in MSCs cultured within
      nanoclay gels incorporating EM-BPs derived from osteogenically induced
      spheroid MSCs. #### File: Figure_3.xlsx **Description:** Preparation and
      characterization of LAP/EM-BP nanoclay gels incorporating DBM. (g)
      Compressive modulus of nanoclay gels formulated with varying DBM
      concentrations. #### File: Figure_4.xlsx **Description:** Osteogenic
      effects of EM-BPs in DBM-loaded nanoclay hydrogels. (a-f) Quantitative
      expression of osteogenic markers ALP, Runx2, OCN, BMP-2, OPN, and COL1A1
      in MSCs cultured within the different nanocomposite gels. (g-h) Expression
      analysis of key genes in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. (i)
      Expression levels of the BMP antagonist noggin across the various
      treatment groups. #### File: Figure_5.xlsx **Description:** Osteogenic
      effects of nanoclay gels incorporating DBM and noggin-targeting miRNA.
      (c-d) Quantitative analysis of ALP activity and noggin expression in MSCs
      treated with EM-BPs carrying different miR-200c loads. (e-i) Gene
      expression of osteogenic markers (ALP, Runx2, OCN, BMP-2) and the BMP
      antagonist noggin in MSCs cultured within nanoclay gels incorporating DBM
      and miR-200c-loaded EM-BPs. (j-l) Western blot analysis of pSmad1/5 and
      noggin in different treatment groups. #### File: Figure_6.xlsx
      **Description:** Osteogenic performance of nanoclay hydrogels
      incorporating DBM and noggin-targeting miRNA in vivo. (b-e) Quantitative
      micro-CT analyses of (b) relative new bone area, (c) bone volume fraction
      (BV/TV), (d) trabecular number, and (e) bone mineral density (BMD). ####
      File: Figure_S1.xlsx **Description:** Expression of ALP, Runx2, and OCN in
      MSCs treated with EM and EM-BP. #### File: Figure_S6.xlsx
      **Description:** Antagonism induced by DBM. (b-c) Quantitative analysis of
      ALP and noggin mRNA expression levels. **Test Groups:** * EM-BP           
                                  EM functionalized with bisphosphonates *
      LAP/EM-BP                               Nanoclay gels self-assembled by
      LAP and EM-BP * LAP/EM-BP/DBM                    Nanoclay gels
      incorporating DBM * LAP/EM-BP/miRNA                Nanoclay gels
      incorporating miRNA * LAP/EM-BP/DBM/miRNA     Nanoclay gels incorporating
      DBM and miRNA * LAP/HA                                     Hyaluronic acid
      gels self-assembled by LAP * LAP/HA/DBM                         
      DBM-loaded hyaluronic acid gels * LAP/DBM/EM-BP_L               
      DBM-loaded nanoclay gels incorporating low-dose EM-BP * LAP/DBM/EM-BP_H   
                 DBM-loaded nanoclay gels incorporating high dose EM-BP
      **Abbreviations:** * 2D                   Two-dimensional *
      ALP                 Alkaline phosphatase * ARS                 Alizarin
      red S * BMD               Bone Mineral Density * BMP               Bone
      Morphogenetic Protein * BP                   Bisphosphonates * BV/TV     
            Bone Volume / Tissue Volume * COL1A1        Collagen type I alpha 1
      * CT                   Computed Tomography * DBM              
      Demineralized Bone Matrix * EM                  Exosome Mimetics *
      LAP                 Laponite * MSC                Mesenchymal Stem Cell *
      OCN               Osteocalcin * OPN               Osteopontin *
      PDI                  Polydispersity Index  * RUNX2           Runt-related
      transcription factor 2
    </description>
  </descriptions>
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