{"data":{"id":"10.25384/sage.c.4161968.v1","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.25384/sage.c.4161968.v1","prefix":"10.25384","suffix":"sage.c.4161968.v1","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"M. Eldafrawy","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"J.F. Nguyen","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"A.K. Mainjot","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"M.J. Sadoun","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"A Functionally Graded PICN Material for Biomimetic CAD-CAM Blocks"}],"publisher":"Figshare","container":{},"publicationYear":2018,"subjects":[{"subject":"110599 Dentistry not elsewhere classified","subjectScheme":"FOR"},{"subject":"FOS: Clinical medicine","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"91299 Materials Engineering not elsewhere classified","subjectScheme":"FOR"},{"subject":"FOS: Materials engineering","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2018-07-11","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2018-07-11","dateType":"Updated"},{"date":"2018","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"ris":"GEN","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"article","schemaOrg":"Collection","resourceType":"Collection","resourceTypeGeneral":"Collection"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsSupplementTo","relatedIdentifier":"10.1177/0022034518785364","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"},{"relationType":"IsIdenticalTo","relatedIdentifier":"10.25384/sage.c.4161968","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":[],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rights":"CC BY 4.0","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"The objective of this study was to introduce a functionally graded (FG) polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) block, characterized by a gradient of mechanical properties, as a biomimetic material for computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD-CAM) prostheses. FG-PICN blocks were manufactured from a slurry of glass-ceramic powder, which was subsequently centrifuged and sintered. The ceramic network was infiltrated with urethane dimethacrylate and polymerized under high temperature-pressure. Blocks were sectioned into 9 layers, and each layer was subsequently cut into 3 samples. Samples were loaded into a 3-point bending device and tested for flexural strength, flexural load energy, and flexural modulus. The volume percentage of glass-ceramic, hardness, and brittleness index were also measured and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations were performed. Katana translucent zirconia (HT-ZIR) and e.max-CAD (EMX) were tested for comparison. Flexural strength, flexural load energy, and Weibull modulus of FG-PICN were shown to increase from the first (enamel-like zone) to the ninth layer (dentin-like zone), while, on the contrary, flexural modulus, hardness, brittleness index, and ceramic volume percentage decreased. SEM characterization highlighted a higher porosity in layer 9 than in layer 1. Flexural strength of the dentin-like zone (372.7 ± 27.8 MPa) was similar to EMX and lower than HT-ZIR. Flexural modulus was shown to vary from 41.9 ± 5.1 to 28.6 ± 2.0 GPa from surface to depth. Flexural load energy in the dentin-like zone (27.1 ± 4.9 mJ) was significantly superior to EMX and HT-ZIR. Hardness gradient was shown to be close to tooth tissues. This work introduces FG-PICN blocks, with a gradient of mechanical and optical properties through the entire thickness of the block designed to mimic dental tissues. FG-PICN demonstrated a favorable gradient of flexural strength, elastic modulus, and, most of all, flexural load energy and hardness compared to other CAD-CAM materials, which can promote the biomechanical behavior of single-unit restorations on teeth and implants.","descriptionType":"Abstract"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"xml":"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