{"data":{"id":"10.23641/asha.5233939.v1","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.23641/asha.5233939.v1","prefix":"10.23641","suffix":"asha.5233939.v1","identifiers":[{"identifier":"https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.5233939.v1","identifierType":"DOI"}],"alternateIdentifiers":[{"alternateIdentifierType":"DOI","alternateIdentifier":"https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.5233939.v1"}],"creators":[{"name":"Niemitalo-Haapola, Elina","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Elina","familyName":"Niemitalo-Haapola","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Haapala, Sini","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Sini","familyName":"Haapala","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Kujala, Teija","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Teija","familyName":"Kujala","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Raappana, Antti","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Antti","familyName":"Raappana","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Kujala, Tiia","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Tiia","familyName":"Kujala","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]},{"name":"Jansson-Verkasalo, Eira","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Eira","familyName":"Jansson-Verkasalo","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Developmental and noise-induced changes (Niemitalo-Haapola et al., 2017)"}],"publisher":"Figshare","container":{},"publicationYear":2017,"subjects":[{"subject":"91301 Acoustics and Noise Control (excl. Architectural Acoustics)","subjectScheme":"FOR"},{"subject":"FOS: Mechanical engineering","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"},{"subject":"Physiology"},{"subject":"FOS: Biological sciences","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2017-08-01","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2017-08-17","dateType":"Updated"},{"date":"2017","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"ris":"GEN","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"article","schemaOrg":"Collection","resourceType":"Fileset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Collection"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsSupplementTo","relatedIdentifier":"10.1044/2017_jslhr-h-16-0267","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"},{"relationType":"IsIdenticalTo","relatedIdentifier":"10.23641/asha.5233939","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["20153704 Bytes"],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rights":"CC BY 4.0","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"\"\u003cb\u003ePurpose: \u003c/b\u003eThe aim of this study was to investigate developmental and noise-induced changes in central auditory processing indexed by event-related potentials in typically developing children.\u003cb\u003eMethod:\u003c/b\u003e P1, N2, and N4 responses as well as mismatch negativities (MMNs) were recorded for standard syllables and consonants, frequency, intensity, vowel, and vowel duration changes in silent and noisy conditions in the same 14 children at the ages of 2 and 4 years.\u003cb\u003eResults: \u003c/b\u003eThe P1 and N2 latencies decreased and the N2, N4, and MMN amplitudes increased with development of the children. The amplitude changes were strongest at frontal electrodes. At both ages, background noise decreased the P1 amplitude, increased the N2 amplitude, and shortened the N4 latency. The noise-induced amplitude changes of P1, N2, and N4 were strongest frontally. Furthermore, background noise degraded the MMN. At both ages, MMN was significantly elicited only by the consonant change, and at the age of 4 years, also by the vowel duration change during noise.\u003cb\u003eConclusions: \u003c/b\u003eDevelopmental changes indexing maturation of central auditory processing were found from every response studied. Noise degraded sound encoding and echoic memory and impaired auditory discrimination at both ages. The older children were as vulnerable to the impact of noise as the younger children.\"\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSupplemental Material S1. \u003c/b\u003eThe grand average waves for standard stimuli and the amplitude distributions of P1, N2, and N4 responses at the ages of 2 and 4 years (\u003ci\u003eN\u003c/i\u003e = 14) in silent and noisy conditions. The developmental changes in the P1 and N2 latencies and the N2 and N4 amplitudes, as well as the noise-induced changes in the N4 latencies and P1 and N2 amplitudes, were statistically significant. In the waveforms, the negativity is plotted upward. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSupplemental Material S2.\u003c/b\u003e The mean amplitude distributions of MMNs at the age of 2 and 4 years (\u003ci\u003eN\u003c/i\u003e = 14) in silent and noisy conditions over the time window used for peak detection. Developmentally, MMNs increased frontally and the left–right distribution changed in silent conditions. In noisy conditions, the MMN amplitudes were overall smaller than in the silent conditions. Ns. denotes nonsignificant MMN response. \u003cbr\u003eNiemitalo-Haapola, E., Haapala, S., Kujala, T., Raappana, A., Kujala, T., \u0026amp; Jansson-Verkasalo, E. (2017). Noise equally degrades central auditory processing in 2- and 4-year-old children. \u003ci\u003eJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 60, \u003c/i\u003e2297–2309\u003ci\u003e.\u003c/i\u003e https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-H-16-0267\u003cbr\u003e","descriptionType":"Abstract"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"xml":"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