{"data":{"id":"10.17862/cranfield.rd.4288298.v2","type":"dois","attributes":{"doi":"10.17862/cranfield.rd.4288298.v2","prefix":"10.17862","suffix":"cranfield.rd.4288298.v2","identifiers":[],"alternateIdentifiers":[],"creators":[{"name":"Timms, Robert","nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Robert","familyName":"Timms","affiliation":[],"nameIdentifiers":[]}],"titles":[{"title":"Modelling the effects of temperature-dependent material properties in shear melt layers"}],"publisher":"Cranfield University","container":{},"publicationYear":2016,"subjects":[{"subject":"91299 Materials Engineering not elsewhere classified","subjectScheme":"FOR"},{"subject":"FOS: Materials engineering","schemeUri":"http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/38235147.pdf","subjectScheme":"Fields of Science and Technology (FOS)"}],"contributors":[],"dates":[{"date":"2016-12-08","dateType":"Created"},{"date":"2016-12-08","dateType":"Updated"},{"date":"2016","dateType":"Issued"}],"language":null,"types":{"ris":"GEN","bibtex":"misc","citeproc":"article","schemaOrg":"Collection","resourceType":"Fileset","resourceTypeGeneral":"Collection"},"relatedIdentifiers":[{"relationType":"IsIdenticalTo","relatedIdentifier":"10.17862/cranfield.rd.4288298","relatedIdentifierType":"DOI"}],"relatedItems":[],"sizes":["7191019 Bytes"],"formats":[],"version":null,"rightsList":[{"rights":"CC-BY","rightsUri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"}],"descriptions":[{"description":"Technical paper presented at the 2016 Defence and Security Doctoral Symposium. This paper won second place in the Technical Paper category.\u003cbr\u003eThe mechanisms responsible for ignition of explosive\nmaterials in response to low energy stimuli, known as “insults\" in the\nliterature, are still not well understood. It is in general believed that\nexplosive ignition is of thermal origin, with mechanical energy being converted\ninto heat energy in localised regions, forming so-called \\hot spots\". When\nan explosive sample is subject to a mechanical insult pre-existing, or new,\nmicrocracks will be in compression and shear. It is possible for such\nmicrocracks to grow in size if the local stress is great enough and, due to\nfriction between solid surfaces, heat is released during the growth process.\nSubsequent to sufficient heat release, the crack surface temperature will be\nraised to the solid melting point and a thin sheared melt layer will be formed,\nseparating the solid surfaces. This thin melt layer will continue to be heated\nthrough viscous dissipation and subsequent chemical reaction, and is thought to\nbe a prime location for so-called hot spot generation. \n\nMechanical insults, resulting from low-speed impacts which\nshear an explosive, have been identified as a possible ignition source.\nHowever, modelling such an ignition mechanism numerically with hydrocodes\nproves to offer some considerable challenges. To supplement the numerical\napproach, we develop an analytical model of the shearing, melting and\nsubsequent ignition of an explosive material. We consider the melting of a thin\nviscous layer of explosive material due to an applied shear in an idealised\nplanar geometry. The model accounts for self-heating due to mechanical dissipation,\nand a single-step Arrhenius reaction is used to describe the heating of the\nexplosive due to subsequent chemical reaction. A solution is sought by\nconsidering perturbations from a melt layer of uniform width. In particular, we\nconsider the effects of modelling the temperature dependence of the liquid\nviscosity and specific heat are studied. In contrast to previous work which\ndoes not account for the temperature dependence of material properties, it is\nshown that allowing the viscosity to vary with temperature can lead to\nnon-uniform mechanical heating in the layer to leading order. Such localised\nheating may be associated with generation of localised hot spots which give rise\nto ignition.","descriptionType":"Abstract"}],"geoLocations":[],"fundingReferences":[],"xml":"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